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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/app15115929
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Low-Frequency Square Kilometer Array Pattern Optimization via Convex Programming

by
Giada Maria Battaglia
1,2,*,
Giuseppe Caruso
1,
Pietro Bolli
3,
Maria Grazia Labate
4,
Roberta Palmeri
1,2 and
Andrea Francesco Morabito
1,2
1
Dipartimento DIIES, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, IT-89123 Reggio Calabria, Italy
2
National InterUniversity Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT), Viale G.P. Usberti, IT-43124 Parma, Italy
3
INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi n. 5, IT-50125 Firenze, Italy
4
INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia n. 78, IT-95123 Catania, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 5929; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115929 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 April 2025 / Revised: 21 May 2025 / Accepted: 22 May 2025 / Published: 24 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas for Next-Generation Electromagnetic Applications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

A well-known and powerful convex optimization strategy is exploited to enhance the electromagnetic performance of the Square Kilometer Array Low-Frequency radio telescope. The proposed method minimizes the peak sidelobe level while ensuring full control of the receiving pattern across the entire angular domain. The approach is validated through full-wave simulations that incorporate realistic embedded element patterns, demonstrating significant improvements in sidelobe suppression despite the geometric constraints of the array structure. The achieved results underscore the method’s potential for high-performance beam synthesis in large-scale radio astronomy arrays.
Keywords: antenna synthesis; convex optimization; radio astronomy; sidelobe suppression; Square Kilometer Array antenna synthesis; convex optimization; radio astronomy; sidelobe suppression; Square Kilometer Array

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MDPI and ACS Style

Battaglia, G.M.; Caruso, G.; Bolli, P.; Labate, M.G.; Palmeri, R.; Morabito, A.F. Low-Frequency Square Kilometer Array Pattern Optimization via Convex Programming. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115929

AMA Style

Battaglia GM, Caruso G, Bolli P, Labate MG, Palmeri R, Morabito AF. Low-Frequency Square Kilometer Array Pattern Optimization via Convex Programming. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(11):5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115929

Chicago/Turabian Style

Battaglia, Giada Maria, Giuseppe Caruso, Pietro Bolli, Maria Grazia Labate, Roberta Palmeri, and Andrea Francesco Morabito. 2025. "Low-Frequency Square Kilometer Array Pattern Optimization via Convex Programming" Applied Sciences 15, no. 11: 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115929

APA Style

Battaglia, G. M., Caruso, G., Bolli, P., Labate, M. G., Palmeri, R., & Morabito, A. F. (2025). Low-Frequency Square Kilometer Array Pattern Optimization via Convex Programming. Applied Sciences, 15(11), 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115929

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