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Article

Edible Films Based on Ovine Second Cheese Whey with Oregano Essential Oil

1
Área de Tecnología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
2
School of Agriculture, Bencanta, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Centro de Estudos dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade—CERNAS, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5325; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105325 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 April 2025 / Revised: 4 May 2025 / Accepted: 7 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to produce edible films using ovine second cheese whey (SCW) powder, alone or combined with whey protein isolate (WPI). SCW is a by-product obtained in the manufacture of ovine whey cheeses. In this instance, it was dehydrated after increasing the protein concentration by ultrafiltration/diafiltration. Furthermore, the effects of the addition of oregano (Origanum compactum) essential oil (EO) in two proportions to the films produced with a mixture of SCW powder and WPI were studied. The water vapor permeability, solubility, color, opacity, antioxidant activity, and the mechanical properties of the films were determined. In addition, we determined the films’ structure, by FTIR; thermal stability, by TGA; and microstructure and crystallinity, by XRD. SCW combined with WPI can be used to prepare edible films, but their properties were found to be affected depending on the proportion of each product. The substitution of WPI by SCW caused decreases in water solubility (from 81.44 to 66.49% D.M.), modified the color and decreased tensile strength (from 1.57 to 0.17 MPa), and decreased the elongation at break (from 52.17 to 3.57%), the puncture strength (from 2.40 to 0.20 MPa) and the deformation (from 18.92 to 0.93%) of the films. EO addition to the SCW–WPI films increased the antioxidant activity of the films (from 0.97 to 2.19 mg DPPH/g). It also modified other characteristics of the films such as the water solubility and the tensile strength. Both SCW and EO incorporations influenced the secondary structure of proteins and the thermal stability, microstructure and crystallinity of the films.
Keywords: edible packaging; sheep cheese whey; essential oils; antioxidant; mechanical properties; FTIR; TGA; microstructure; XRD edible packaging; sheep cheese whey; essential oils; antioxidant; mechanical properties; FTIR; TGA; microstructure; XRD

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pires, A.; Cobos, A.; Pereira, C.; Díaz, O. Edible Films Based on Ovine Second Cheese Whey with Oregano Essential Oil. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105325

AMA Style

Pires A, Cobos A, Pereira C, Díaz O. Edible Films Based on Ovine Second Cheese Whey with Oregano Essential Oil. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(10):5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105325

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pires, Arona, Angel Cobos, Carlos Pereira, and Olga Díaz. 2025. "Edible Films Based on Ovine Second Cheese Whey with Oregano Essential Oil" Applied Sciences 15, no. 10: 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105325

APA Style

Pires, A., Cobos, A., Pereira, C., & Díaz, O. (2025). Edible Films Based on Ovine Second Cheese Whey with Oregano Essential Oil. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105325

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