Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions

Ordono, Ander; Sanchez-Ruiz, Alain; Zubiaga, Markel; Asensio, Francisco Javier; Rodriguez-Gongora, Javier

doi:10.3390/app15105316

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Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions

by

Ander Ordono

^1,*

,

Alain Sanchez-Ruiz

²

,

Markel Zubiaga

³

,

Francisco Javier Asensio

¹

and

Javier Rodriguez-Gongora

¹

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain

²

Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain

³

Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316

Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 6 May 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Grid-Forming Inverters for the Power Grid)

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Abstract

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters play a critical role in stabilizing future power grids. However, their synchronization is inherently coupled with frequency support, which poses a challenge to prevent overloading while maintaining synchronization. While existing literature has proposed strategies to mitigate the overload of GFM inverters during frequency excursions, these typically focus on limiting primary frequency regulation and overlook their inertial contribution, limiting their effectiveness. The present work addresses this gap by analyzing three overload mitigation strategies that dynamically adjust both primary frequency regulation and inertia. The main contribution of this work is formal analysis of the control structures, providing insight into the tuning process, dynamic behavior, and inherent trade-offs. The performance of these strategies is evaluated under grid frequency excursions and oscillations, focusing on their ability to limit overloads and ensure seamless recovery. Simulation results are validated through experimental testing.

Keywords: frequency regulation; grid-connected inverter; grid-forming control; grid synchronization; inertia; overload mitigation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ordono, A.; Sanchez-Ruiz, A.; Zubiaga, M.; Asensio, F.J.; Rodriguez-Gongora, J. Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5316. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316

AMA Style

Ordono A, Sanchez-Ruiz A, Zubiaga M, Asensio FJ, Rodriguez-Gongora J. Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(10):5316. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ordono, Ander, Alain Sanchez-Ruiz, Markel Zubiaga, Francisco Javier Asensio, and Javier Rodriguez-Gongora. 2025. "Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions" Applied Sciences 15, no. 10: 5316. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316

APA Style

Ordono, A., Sanchez-Ruiz, A., Zubiaga, M., Asensio, F. J., & Rodriguez-Gongora, J. (2025). Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5316. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions

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