Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We develop and propose a HESS using a fully active topology approach that will supply the vehicle’s required cold cranking current for starting because it provides a higher degree of control freedom and efficiency. This development and proposal add an influence to studies in [5,27] and [28], wherein [5], the study discusses the challenges that may face LIBs when used for SLI functions. Additionally, in [27], the authors propose potential methods for using hybrid ESSs for SLI functions.
- We develop an integrated fuzzy-logic and triple-loop PI-based controller to effectively distribute the power between the ESSs. The integrated solution ensures that the batteries operate within their desired limits. A contribution that enhances the performance in [29], in which the study assessed the system in terms of improving vehicle range only.
- We compare the performance of a single source battery for the HESS in terms of delivering the required cold cranking current.
- We enhance the performance of LAB in terms of lifespan and storage capacity improvement.
- We develop the HESS that has great longevity, less weight, and is reliable for use in the automotive sector.
- We propose a battery life determination using a fatigue-cycle counting approach because it is well established and easy to implement.
2. State-of-the-Art Literature Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Battery Equivalent Circuit Model
3.2. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
3.3. Battery Management System
- when , the alternator supplies the current to the vehicle while charging the battery simultaneously. While during discharging, the following conditions have to be met;
- when and the (i.e., ), which means that the HESS supplies the required CCC to start the vehicle while maintaining the HESS SoC above 98.9%.
- when and , means that the HESS supplies the auxiliary loads of the vehicle while sustaining the HESS state-of-charge above 97%.
Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Control
- is the membership function during the start-up function, LAB supplied between 45% and 70% of the required startup current, and supplied about 30% to 70% depending on the operating scenario.
- Zero is the mode when there is no action from the HESS, it means the HESS will not charge or discharge.
- resembles the vehicle in running operation, where the alternator is producing more energy than required for the vehicle and the difference is used to charge the HESS. Decision-making rules are part of the fuzzy logic where the decisions are made. The rules and database are developed and defined to meet the desired output. Fuzzy logic control rules are represented by understanding and knowledge of human operators in the form of linguistic variables. It is normally represented as a sequence of the form “IF-THEN”, leading to algorithms describing what action or output should be taken inaction of the currently observed information, which includes both input and feedback if a closed-loop control system is applied [40,42]. FLC “IF-THEN” rule associates a condition defined using linguistic variables and fuzzy sets to obtain a certain output. “IF” is normally used to capture the knowledge by using elastic conditions. THEN is used to give the conclusion or output in linguistic variable form. These rules are normally used in fuzzy inference systems to compute the degree to which the input data match the condition of the rule, where:
- IF is equal to CCC and are high, Then is equal to (i.e., ), which means the HESS will supply the required current, where each battery supplies the current based on the reference current given by the FLC.
- IF and are not high; Then is zero, which means that the system is balanced and HESS will not charge or discharge. Defuzzification: Defuzzification is the FLC output; it produces a quantifiable result in crisp logic based on the input membership, fuzzy rules and corresponding degrees processing fuzzy rules to a crisp set. The defuzzification method used in this proposed FLC is the centroid method. The FLC generate two outputs which are the percentage reference that which battery must supply. The output FLC reference is multiplied by the required CCC to form the reference CCC of each battery. The is used to give the reference SoC and to ensure the within the limits, where the and . The and . Setting the SoC within limits helps guard against overcharging the battery, also deep release, along with avoiding keeping the LIB at full SoC by disconnecting the battery from the alternator. Figure 6 shows the proposed HESS with BMS for TVs. The batteries were connected in parallel and each connected in series with a bidirectional DC–DC buck-boost converter. The two converters’ output was connected to the DC-Bus.
3.4. Lifespan Estimation
- From the battery datasheet, the curve showing the number of cycles of a battery as a function of DoD until it reaches the end of its lifetime was utilised.
- The SoC represents the battery capacity in percentage.
- The curve represents battery lifespan in days as a function of its float charging voltage and temperature. Therefore, based on the data obtained from [50], the loss-of-life (LoL) and maximum expected lifespan in years of batteries are estimated according to [46,47,49]. The LoL of the batteries is the sum over all types of operation during the observation period; it was estimated using the following Formula (21) as in [37]:
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Case Two (12 V-70 Ah HESS Capacity)
4.2. Case Three (12 V-90 Ah HESS Capacity)
4.3. Lifespan Estimation Results
- On the battery datasheet, the curve showing the number of cycles as a function of DoD until the battery reaches EoL is used;
- The curve shows the battery lifespan in days as a function of float charging voltage and temperature.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Parallel branch capacitances. | |
Cold-cranking current/ampere. | |
Hybrid energy storage system cold cranking current. | |
Lead-acid battery cold cranking current. | |
Li-ion battery cold cranking current. | |
Minimum converter output capacitance. | |
Duty cycle. | |
Depth of discharge. | |
End of life. | |
Switching frequency. | |
Reference cold cranking current of a hybrid energy storage system. | |
Alternator current. | |
Required auxiliary components current. | |
Battery charging current. | |
Battery circulating current. | |
Reference charging current. | |
Demanded output current. | |
Inductor current. | |
Change in minimum inductor current. | |
Converter output cold cranking current. | |
Battery depth of discharge. | |
Minimum inductor value. | |
Loss of battery life. | |
The number of cycles performed at instant . | |
The maximum number of cycles to failure. | |
The maximum number of battery services. | |
The number of operations. | |
Open circuit voltage. | |
PI control compensation factor. | |
Actual battery capacity. | |
Stored battery capacity. | |
Parallel branch resistances. | |
Internal battery series resistance. | |
Single lead-acid battery. | |
State of charge. | |
Hybrid energy storage system state of charge. | |
Initial battery state of charge. | |
Lead-acid battery state of charge. | |
Li-ion battery state of charge. | |
Minimum lead-acid battery state of charge. | |
Maximum lead-acid battery state of charge. | |
Minimum li-ion battery state of charge. | |
Maximum li-ion battery state of charge. | |
Change in lead-acid battery state of charge. | |
Change in li-ion battery state of charge. | |
Sampling time. | |
Total voltage drops in the RC parallel branch. | |
Battery voltage. | |
Charging battery reference voltage. | |
DC bus voltage link. | |
High inductor voltage. | |
Low inductor voltage. | |
Minimum inductor voltage. | |
Converter output voltage. | |
Change in converter output voltage. | |
Reference voltage. | |
Battery internal resistance voltage drop. |
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12 V-70 Ah Battery | ||||||||
Battery Type | Boost Mode | Buck Mode | ||||||
Vbatt (V) | VDC_OUT (V) | Lmin (nH) | Cmin | Dboost | Dbuck | Vbus (V) | Vchar (V) | |
LAB | 12.2733 | 13 | 58.41 | 2.2 mF | 0.056 | 0.9 | 14.5 | 13.1 |
LIB | 12.7954 | 13 | 11.38 | 871 µF | 0.016 | 0.97 | 14.5 | 14.2 |
12 V-90 Ah Battery | ||||||||
LAB | 12.2733 | 13 | 53.02 | 2.4 mF | 0.056 | 0.9 | 14.5 | 13.1 |
LIB | 12.7954 | 13 | 1.03 | 960 µF | 0.016 | 0.97 | 14.5 | 14.2 |
Case No. | Battey Type | Capacity (Ah) | CCC (A) | Load Share (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two | a | HESS | 70.4 | 599.1 | 100 |
LAB | 60 | 326.9 | 53 | ||
LIB | 7.8 | 290.3 | 47 | ||
b | HESS | 69.8 | 596.2 | 100 | |
LAB | 62 | 378.5 | 62.9 | ||
LIB | 10.4 | 222.9 | 37.1 | ||
Three | a | HESS | 90.4 | 653.2 | - |
LAB | 80 | 386.7 | 59.7 | ||
LIB | 10.4 | 260.5 | 40.3 | ||
b | HESS | 90 | 665.5 | 100 | |
LAB | 77 | 379.1 | 56.1 | ||
LIB | 13 | 293.4 | 43.9 |
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Lencwe, M.J.; Zau, A.T.P.; Chowdhury, S.P.D.; Olwal, T.O. Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146910
Lencwe MJ, Zau ATP, Chowdhury SPD, Olwal TO. Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(14):6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146910
Chicago/Turabian StyleLencwe, Mpho J., Andre T. Puati Zau, S. P. Daniel Chowdhury, and Thomas O. Olwal. 2022. "Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System" Applied Sciences 12, no. 14: 6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146910
APA StyleLencwe, M. J., Zau, A. T. P., Chowdhury, S. P. D., & Olwal, T. O. (2022). Integrated Fuzzy-Logic and Triple-Loop PI-Based Management Strategy for a Lead-Acid/Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences, 12(14), 6910. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146910