Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Present Status of MSW Management in RCC, Bangladesh
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Calorific Value and Potential Power Generation from MSW
- = Net electrical power.
- = Electrical power = Steam power/11,395 (kWh/kg).
- = Station service allowance = 0.06 ∗ .
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Estimation of MSW Generation
4.2. Calorific Value and Possible Electricity Generation
4.2.1. Physical Composition of MSW in RCC
4.2.2. Chemical Composition (Dry) of MSW at RCC
4.2.3. Determination of Calorific Value and Potential Electrical Energy
5. Potential Treatment of Conversion Technologies
5.1. Landfill Gas Recovery
5.2. Waste Recycling
5.3. Incineration
5.4. Composting
5.5. Anaerobic Digestion
5.6. Pyrolysis
5.7. Gasification
5.8. Depolymerization
5.9. Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
6. Proposed WTE Conversion Technology
7. Techno-Economic Analysis of the Proposed AD Plant
8. Future Recommendations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources (%) | Rajshahi | Khulna | Sylhet | Barishal | Chattogram | Dhaka |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Institutional | 1.22 | 1.02 | 1.29 | 1.46 | 1.14 | 1.17 |
Municipal services | 1.24 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 1.15 | 0.51 | 0.53 |
Residential | 77.18 | 85.87 | 78.04 | 79.55 | 83.83 | 75.86 |
Commercial | 18.59 | 11.60 | 18.48 | 15.52 | 13.92 | 22.07 |
Others | 1.77 | 0.96 | 1.40 | 2.32 | 0.60 | 0.37 |
MSW Composition (wt%) | Rajshahi | Khulna | Sylhet | Barishal | Chattogram | Dhaka | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paper and paper products | 8.90 | 9.50 | 8.40 | 7.20 | 9.90 | 10.70 | 9.10 |
Textiles and wood | 1.90 | 1.30 | 2.10 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 2.20 | 1.90 |
Food and vegetables | 71.10 | 78.90 | 73.80 | 81.10 | 73.60 | 68.30 | 74.50 |
Rubber and leather | 1.10 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 1.40 | 0.80 |
Dust, ash and mud products | 6.50 | 3.70 | 5.30 | 3.10 | 5.10 | 6.70 | 5.10 |
Glass and ceramics | 1.10 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.80 |
Polyethylene | 4.00 | 3.10 | 3.40 | 3.50 | 2.80 | 4.30 | 3.50 |
Metal | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 2.20 | 2.00 | 1.40 |
Brick, concrete and stone | 2.90 | 0.10 | 1.80 | 0.10 | 1.10 | 1.80 | 1.30 |
Others | 1.90 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 2.80 | 1.60 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Year | Total Population | Urban Population (% Total) | MSW Generation Rate (kg/capita/d) | Total MSW Generation (t/d) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 20,872,204 | 20.15 | 0.49 | 9873.50 |
2001 | 28,808,477 | 23.39 | 0.50 | 11,695.00 |
2004 | 32,765,152 | 25.08 | 0.50 | 16,382.00 |
2025 | 78,440,000 | 40.00 | 0.60 | 47,064.00 |
Means of Transportation | Number of Vehicles/Manpower |
---|---|
Truck | 14 |
Wheel bars | 150 |
Manpower | 1073 |
Van | 210 |
Residence Type | No. of People | Amount of Waste (kg) | Educational Status of Interviewees | Amount Being Paid for Waste Collection (BDT) | Condition of Residence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family (O) | 7 | 3.55 | PE | 0 | SP |
Family (R) | 5 | 2.74 | HE | 30 | SP |
Family (O) | 4 | 2.32 | JE | 30 | SP |
Family (R) | 4 | 2.20 | JE | 30 | SP |
Family (R) | 5 | 1.98 | PE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 4 | 1.45 | BD | 31–60 | P |
Family (O) | 3 | 2.55 | BD | 21–30 | P |
Family (O) | 6 | 2.82 | HE | 31–60 | P |
Family (O) | 5 | 3.44 | MD | 0 | P |
Family (R) | 4 | 2.25 | BD | 30 | P |
Family (O) | 6 | 3.05 | BD | 30 | P |
Family (R) | 3 | 1.95 | HE | 30 | P |
Family (R) | 5 | 2.95 | HE | 30 | P |
Family (O) | 6 | 5.10 | HE | 40 | P |
Family (R) | 4 | 1.33 | HE | 21–30 | SP |
Family (R) | 4 | 1.15 | HE | 0 | SP |
Family (O) | 5 | 2.08 | SE | 31–60 | P |
Family (R) | 4 | 2.64 | HE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 8 | 3.34 | JE | 30 | P |
Family (O) | 3 | 1.85 | MD | 30–40 | P |
Family (O) | 6 | 3.75 | SE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 3 | 1.65 | BD | 30 | P |
Family (O) | 4 | 2.74 | JE | 30 | SP |
Family (O) | 3 | 3.12 | MD | 40 | SP |
Family (R) | 4 | 2.58 | PE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 8 | 2.95 | N/A | 0 | SP |
Family (O) | 4 | 1.80 | MD | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 7 | 3.14 | BD | 30 | P |
Family (R) | 3 | 2.36 | HE | 30–40 | P |
Family (O) | 7 | 2.56 | HE | 30 | P |
Family (R) | 3 | 1.63 | MD | 30 | SP |
Family (R) | 3 | 1.32 | MD | 0 | P |
Family (R) | 4 | 2.46 | SE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 3 | 2.15 | HE | 0 | P |
Family (O) | 5 | 1.72 | PE | 30 | SP |
Family (R) | 3 | 2.07 | MD | 30–40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 26 | 11.52 | SE | 40 | SP |
Large Family (O) | 28 | 14.96 | MD | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 52 | 16.65 | MD | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 94 | 36.00 | BD | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 49 | 21.54 | HE | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 24 | 11.96 | HE | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 32 | 17.12 | BD | 30 | P |
Large Family (O) | 45 | 19.06 | SE | 35 | P |
Large Family (O) | 20 | 9.73 | HE | 30 | P |
Large Family (O) | 32 | 11.86 | BD | 30 | P |
Large Family (O) | 15 | 5.97 | MD | 30 | SP |
Large Family (O) | 81 | 26.96 | BD | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 92 | 25.53 | HE | 40 | P |
Large Family (O) | 17 | 7.72 | MD | 30 | SP |
Total | 772 | 325.32 |
MSW Composition | Family 1 | Family 2 | Family 3 | Family 4 (%) | Family 5 | Family 6 | Family 7 | Average MSW Composition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetables and food | 70.12 | 65.35 | 69.45 | 80.70 | 69.12 | 71.12 | 80.21 | 72.29 |
Paper and paper products | 7.29 | 7.32 | 5.73 | 2.02 | 7.29 | 7.29 | 3.65 | 5.79 |
Polyethylene | 4.10 | 7.99 | 4.31 | 4.10 | 4.10 | 4.60 | 3.98 | 4.74 |
Textiles and wood | 4.68 | 3.30 | 4.95 | 5.08 | 4.69 | 4.52 | 2.56 | 4.25 |
Leather and rubber | 1.08 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 1.38 | 1.08 | 0.87 | 0.39 | 0.82 |
Metals | 1.23 | 0.90 | 3.14 | 0.17 | 2.14 | 1.13 | 0 | 1.24 |
Glass and ceramics | 0.12 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 1.27 | 0.48 |
Brick, concrete and stones | 3.48 | 4.18 | 4.35 | 0.27 | 3.46 | 3.07 | 2.76 | 3.08 |
Dust, ash and mud products | 6.43 | 7.00 | 6.12 | 3.43 | 6.44 | 5.43 | 3.22 | 5.43 |
Others | 1.80 | 2.75 | 1.80 | 1.60 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.87 | 1.88 |
Total | 100 |
MSW Composition | Weight before Drying (kg) | Weight after Drying (kg) | Weight Percentage (dry) | Moisture Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food and vegetables | 45.47 | 16.65 | 26.33 | 63.38 |
Paper and paper products | 3.66 | 3.31 | 5.24 | 9.56 |
Polyethylene | 3.00 | 2.79 | 4.42 | 7.00 |
Textiles and wood | 2.69 | 2.62 | 4.15 | 2.60 |
Rubber and leather | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.74 | 9.62 |
Metal and tins | 0.78 | 0.77 | 1.21 | 1.28 |
Glass and ceramics | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 3.33 |
Brick, concrete and stone | 1.95 | 1.90 | 3.00 | 2.56 |
Dust, ash and mud products | 3.43 | 2.74 | 4.33 | 20.12 |
Others | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.83 | 2.52 |
Total | 63.23 | 32.70 | 48.28 |
Heat Energy (MJ/kg) | Steam Energy (MJ/kg) | Electrical Power, EP (kWh/kg) | Station Service Allowance, SA (kWh/kg) | Net electrical Power ENP (kWh/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
14.90 | 10.43 | 0.9153 | 0.0549 | 0.8604 |
Treatment Technique | Category of Solid Waste | Percentage of Total Waste |
---|---|---|
Composting/anaerobic digestion/incineration | Vegetable and food wastes | 72.29% |
Landfilling | Dust, ash, mud, brick, concrete, stone, glass, ceramic, etc. | 10.87% |
Pyrolysis/gasification | Paper, paper product, polyethylene, wood, rubber, etc. | 10.53–15.6% |
Recycling | Metals | 1.24% |
Total MSW Generation | 358.19 tons/day |
---|---|
Food and Vegetables | 259 tons/day (72.29%) |
Total Biogas Generation * | 38,850 m3 |
Compost Fertilizer ** | 65 tons/day |
Input Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Beginning design year | 2021 |
Construction duration | 3 years |
Year of the beginning of operation | 2024 |
Lifetime | 25 years |
Year of the end of operation | 2049 |
Electricity generation from 1 ton of organic waste [42,44] | 0.992 MWh |
Operating days in a year | 365 |
Operating hours in a year | 7446 |
Waste capacity per year | (259 ∗ 365) or 94,535 tons |
Plant capacity factor [42,43] | 85% |
Facility annual throughput per year | (94,535 ∗ 85%) or 80,355 tons |
Electricity generation efficiency [42,45] | 36% |
Electricity production per year | (80,355 ∗ 0.992 ∗ 36%) or 28,696 MWh |
Plant capacity | (28,696/7446) or 3.85 MW |
Capital expenditure per MW [42,45] | USD 4,339,000 or BDT 369 million |
Capital expenditure (CAPEX) | (369 ∗ 3.85) or BDT 1421 million |
Fixed operating cost (% of CAPEX/year) [42,45] | 3 |
Fixed operating cost | (1421 ∗ 3%) or BDT 42.6 million |
Variable operating cost (USD 4.4*MWh) [42,43] | (4.4 ∗ 28,696) or USD 126,262.2 or BDT 10.7 million |
Revenue from compost per day | BDT 0.39 million |
Revenue from compost per year | BDT 142 million |
Cost of electricity (assumed) | BDT 7 per kWh (generally varies in between BDT 6 and 8) |
Annual revenue from electricity | (7 ∗ 28,696 ∗ 1000) or BDT 201 million |
Annual net cash inflow | (201 + 142 − 42.6 − 10.7) or BDT 290 million |
Payback period (CAPEX/annual net cash inflow) | (1421/290) or 4.9 years |
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Habib, M.A.; Ahmed, M.M.; Aziz, M.; Beg, M.R.A.; Hoque, M.E. Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744
Habib MA, Ahmed MM, Aziz M, Beg MRA, Hoque ME. Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(9):3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabib, Md. Ahasan, Mim Mashrur Ahmed, Muhammad Aziz, Mohd. Rafiqul Alam Beg, and Md. Emdadul Hoque. 2021. "Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh" Applied Sciences 11, no. 9: 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744
APA StyleHabib, M. A., Ahmed, M. M., Aziz, M., Beg, M. R. A., & Hoque, M. E. (2021). Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. Applied Sciences, 11(9), 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093744