Calculation of the Population of Construction Scaffoldings Using Neural Networks
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
- Safety during work when erecting, maintaining, repairing or demolishing buildings and other structures;
- Easy access to elements and parts of construction objects located in hard-to-reach places—e.g., at heights;
- Support for the elements of a structure being erected during their construction; and
- Adequate vertical communication (e.g., temporary staircases) and horizontal communication (e.g., temporary footbridges).
- Results of empirical research, which involved the counting of the number of scaffoldings in the selected representative areas; and
- Statistical data on socio-economic indicators in the analyzed regions.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Neural Networks—Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)
- Input layer—responsible for the introduction of the values of variables to the network ();
- Hidden layer—responsible for the processing of information; and
- Output layer—responsible for determining the output value of network (result).
- Training set—usually contains 70% of all the observations that are used to properly develop a neural network model, i.e., “active” learning of the network [27];
- Test set—usually contains 15% of all the observations that are used to verify the developed network model;
- Validation set—most often contains 15% of all the observations and is used to detect the risk of network overlearning, i.e., excessive adaptation of the network to the training set.
2.2. The Scope of Research
2.3. Research Methodology
- Empirical determination of the number of building scaffoldings in use in representative areas of regions ;
- Identification of socio-economic indicators ;
- Classification of the analyzed communes with regards to their socio-economic development; and
- Development of a neural network model.
2.3.1. Empirical Determination of the Number of Scaffoldings in Use
2.3.2. Identification of Socio-Economic Indicators
2.3.3. Classification of Communes with Regards to Socio-Economic Development
2.3.4. Neural Models for Predicting the Number of Used Scaffoldings
- A linear aggregation function in all the neurons of the hidden layer;
- A linear aggregation function in all the neurons of the output layers;
- A sigmoid activation function in all the neurons of the hidden layer; and
- A linear activation function in all the neurons of the output layer.
3. Results
3.1. Neural Model for Predicting the Number of Used Scaffoldings
3.2. Estimating the Number of Used Scaffoldings
4. Discussion of the Results
5. Conclusions
- Empirical determination of the number of used scaffoldings in the selected representative areas of the studied regions;
- Identification and analysis of data concerning the socio-economic indicators that characterize the analyzed regions;
- Classification of the analyzed communes with regards to socio-economic development; and
- Development of a neural model.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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m | |
---|---|
Number of construction companies carrying out work related to the construction of buildings [pcs.] | |
Number of construction companies carrying out work related to the construction of civil engineering structures [pcs.] | |
Number of construction companies carrying out specialized work [pcs.] | |
Number of self-employed people running a business in the construction industry [pcs.] | |
Number of residential buildings that were recently approved for use [pcs.] | |
Population [number of people] | |
Number of flats in cities [pcs.] | |
Area of the commune [km2] | |
Number of people working in the commune [number of people] | |
Area of built-up and urbanized areas in the commune [km2] |
0.97 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.94 |
Network Number | Number of Neurons in the Hidden Layer | Quality of Network * | RMSE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Learning | Testing | Validation | Learning | Testing | Validation | ||
1 | 13 | 0.989 | 0.986 | 0.990 | 65.7 | 22.1 | 68.3 |
2 | 14 | 0.989 | 0.986 | 0.989 | 65.5 | 22.5 | 74.5 |
3 | 16 | 0.989 | 0.985 | 0.990 | 65.7 | 23.7 | 69.9 |
4 | 17 | 0.990 | 0.987 | 0.990 | 63.8 | 21.9 | 70.6 |
5 | 19 | 0.989 | 0.987 | 0.990 | 65.8 | 22.2 | 70.1 |
Network Number | Graph of the Network’s Learning | Graph of the Quality of Matching the Network’s Output Values and Empirical Values |
---|---|---|
1 | | |
2 | | |
3 | | |
4 | | |
5 | | |
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Nowobilski, T. Calculation of the Population of Construction Scaffoldings Using Neural Networks. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178211
Nowobilski T. Calculation of the Population of Construction Scaffoldings Using Neural Networks. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(17):8211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178211
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowobilski, Tomasz. 2021. "Calculation of the Population of Construction Scaffoldings Using Neural Networks" Applied Sciences 11, no. 17: 8211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178211
APA StyleNowobilski, T. (2021). Calculation of the Population of Construction Scaffoldings Using Neural Networks. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 8211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178211