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Volume 11
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10.3390/app11125715
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Article

Potential of Carica papaya Seed-Derived Bio-Coagulant to Remove Turbidity from Polluted Water Assessed through Experimental and Modeling-Based Study

by
Amir Hariz Amran
1,
Nur Syamimi Zaidi
1,2,
Achmad Syafiuddin
3,
Loh Zhang Zhan
1,
Muhammad Burhanuddin Bahrodin
1,
Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
4 and
Raj Boopathy
5,*
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
3
Department of Public Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya 60237, East Java, Indonesia
4
Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
5
Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5715; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125715
Submission received: 10 May 2021 / Revised: 12 June 2021 / Accepted: 17 June 2021 / Published: 20 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
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Abstract

It is important to develop renewable bio-coagulants to treat turbid water and efficient use of these bio-coagulants requires process optimization to achieve robustness. This study was conducted to optimize the coagulation process using bio-coagulant of deshelled Carica papaya seeds by employing response surface methodology (RSM). This bio-coagulant was extracted by a chemical-free solvent. The experiments were conducted using the Central Composite Design (CCD). Initially, the functional groups and protein content of the bio-coagulant were analyzed. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed that the bio-coagulant contained OH, C=O and C-O functional groups, which enabled the protein to become polyelectrolyte. The highest efficiency of the bio-coagulant was obtained at dosage of 196 mg/L, pH 4.0 and initial turbidity of 500 NTU. At the optimum conditions, the bio-coagulant achieved 88% turbidity removal with a corresponding 83% coagulation activity. These findings suggested that the deshelled Carica papaya seeds have potential as a promising bio-coagulant in treating the polluted water.
Keywords: Carica papaya seed; bio-coagulant; coagulation-flocculation; respond surface methodology Carica papaya seed; bio-coagulant; coagulation-flocculation; respond surface methodology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Amran, A.H.; Zaidi, N.S.; Syafiuddin, A.; Zhan, L.Z.; Bahrodin, M.B.; Mehmood, M.A.; Boopathy, R. Potential of Carica papaya Seed-Derived Bio-Coagulant to Remove Turbidity from Polluted Water Assessed through Experimental and Modeling-Based Study. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5715. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125715

AMA Style

Amran AH, Zaidi NS, Syafiuddin A, Zhan LZ, Bahrodin MB, Mehmood MA, Boopathy R. Potential of Carica papaya Seed-Derived Bio-Coagulant to Remove Turbidity from Polluted Water Assessed through Experimental and Modeling-Based Study. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(12):5715. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125715

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amran, Amir Hariz, Nur Syamimi Zaidi, Achmad Syafiuddin, Loh Zhang Zhan, Muhammad Burhanuddin Bahrodin, Muhammad Aamer Mehmood, and Raj Boopathy. 2021. "Potential of Carica papaya Seed-Derived Bio-Coagulant to Remove Turbidity from Polluted Water Assessed through Experimental and Modeling-Based Study" Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5715. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125715

APA Style

Amran, A. H., Zaidi, N. S., Syafiuddin, A., Zhan, L. Z., Bahrodin, M. B., Mehmood, M. A., & Boopathy, R. (2021). Potential of Carica papaya Seed-Derived Bio-Coagulant to Remove Turbidity from Polluted Water Assessed through Experimental and Modeling-Based Study. Applied Sciences, 11(12), 5715. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125715

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