Energy Communities Design Optimization in the Italian Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Energy Communities and the Decentralized Energy Production Paradigm
- Local energy sources. The exploitation of local sources should consider all the externalities related to architectural and landscape modification or competition with other local activities such as tourism or agriculture.
- Local security of energy supply. EU energy dependency rate on foreign countries in 2018 was equal to 58% [3]. Because of this, it is fundamental to consider the impact on internalization of primary energy procurement.
- Shorter transport distances and reduced energy transmission losses. While distances, hence energy losses, of electricity transport decrease, distribution networks become more complex to be managed.
- Community development and cohesion. The acceptability of new infrastructure is higher when decisions (and even investments) are taken collectively. This increases the awareness of local communities about the positive impact of business initiatives on social relations and economic activities.
1.2. Energy Communities in the Italian Regulatory Framework
1.3. Motivation
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Energy Community Model
2.2. Benefit Distribution
3. Case Study
4. Results
4.1. Optimal Design Results
4.2. Benefit Distribution Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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REC | CSC | |
---|---|---|
Saving transmission | 7.61 EUR/MWh | 7.61 EUR/MWh |
Saving distribution | 0.61 EUR/MWh | 0.61 EUR/MWh |
Incentive | 110.00 EUR/MWh | 100.00 EUR/MWh |
Total benefit | 118.22 EUR/MWh | 108.22 EUR/MWh (+ losses reduction) |
Surface [m2] | Electricity [kWh] | Space Heating [kWh] | DHW [kWh] | Cooling [kWh] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old couple 1 | 80 | 2700 | 4744 | 1160 | 1205 |
Old couple 2 | 80 | 2700 | 4744 | 1160 | 1205 |
Young couple 1 | 80 | 2400 | 4744 | 1115 | 1194 |
Young couple 2 | 80 | 2400 | 4744 | 1262 | 1194 |
Family 1 | 120 | 3200 | 7116 | 1673 | 1801 |
Family 2 | 120 | 3200 | 7116 | 1809 | 1801 |
Office 1 | 120 | 2923 | 6982 | 588 | 1448 |
Office 2 | 100 | 2338 | 6277 | 470 | 1158 |
Office 3 | 140 | 3507 | 8379 | 705 | 1738 |
Condominium | - | 531 | - | - | - |
Typical Day 1 [N = 117] | Typical Day 2 [N = 124] | Typical Day 3 [N = 118] | Typical Day 4 [N = 3] | Typical Day 5 [N = 3] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | |
Old couple 1 | 0.65 | 8.1 | 0.57 | 7.1 | 0.55 | 7.0 | 0.65 | 8.1 | 0.55 | 7.0 |
Old couple 2 | 0.65 | 8.1 | 0.57 | 7.1 | 0.55 | 7.0 | 0.65 | 8.1 | 0.55 | 7.0 |
Young couple 1 | 0.92 | 7.3 | 0.82 | 6.3 | 0.78 | 6.1 | 0.92 | 7.3 | 0.78 | 6.1 |
Young couple 2 | 0.85 | 7.3 | 0.76 | 6.3 | 0.72 | 6.1 | 0.85 | 7.3 | 0.72 | 6.1 |
Family 1 | 1.04 | 9.5 | 0.95 | 8.7 | 0.87 | 8.2 | 1.04 | 9.5 | 0.87 | 8.2 |
Family 2 | 0.77 | 9.4 | 0.69 | 8.7 | 0.62 | 8.2 | 0.77 | 9.4 | 0.62 | 8.2 |
Office 1 | 0.63 | 8.2 | 0.61 | 8.0 | 0.60 | 7.8 | 0.63 | 8.2 | 0.60 | 7.8 |
Office 2 | 0.50 | 6.6 | 0.49 | 6.4 | 0.48 | 6.3 | 0.50 | 6.6 | 0.48 | 6.3 |
Office 3 | 0.76 | 9.8 | 0.74 | 9.6 | 0.72 | 9.4 | 0.76 | 9.8 | 0.72 | 9.4 |
Condominium | 0.17 | 1.6 | 0.15 | 1.4 | 0.14 | 1.4 | 0.17 | 1.6 | 0.14 | 1.4 |
Yearly total | 8872 | 8631 | 7966 | 227 | 203 |
Typical Day 1 [N = 117] | Typical Day 2 [N = 124] | Typical Day 3 [N = 118] | Typical Day 4 [N = 3] | Typical Day 5 [N = 3] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | |
Old couple 1 | 4.58 | 32.3 | 1.89 | 12.6 | 0.83 | 3.1 | 10.45 | 63.4 | 0.83 | 3.1 |
Old couple 2 | 4.58 | 32.3 | 1.89 | 12.6 | 0.94 | 3.1 | 10.45 | 63.4 | 0.94 | 3.1 |
Young couple 1 | 4.54 | 32.2 | 2.04 | 12.5 | 0.83 | 2.9 | 10.40 | 62.7 | 0.83 | 2.9 |
Young couple 2 | 3.90 | 32.5 | 1.63 | 12.9 | 0.94 | 3.3 | 9.55 | 64.8 | 0.94 | 3.3 |
Family 1 | 7.14 | 48.1 | 3.17 | 18.9 | 1.24 | 4.4 | 16.12 | 93.6 | 1.24 | 4.4 |
Family 2 | 5.03 | 43.3 | 3.13 | 24.1 | 1.42 | 4.8 | 14.23 | 98.2 | 1.42 | 4.8 |
Office 1 | 2.75 | 32.5 | 2.35 | 27.8 | 0.35 | 1.6 | 3.47 | 41.0 | 0.35 | 1.6 |
Office 2 | 2.44 | 29.1 | 2.08 | 24.8 | 0.28 | 1.3 | 3.08 | 36.7 | 0.28 | 1.3 |
Office 3 | 3.29 | 39.0 | 2.81 | 33.4 | 0.41 | 1.9 | 4.16 | 49.2 | 0.41 | 1.9 |
Condominium | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
Yearly total | 37,586 | 22,282 | 3123 | 1719 | 79 |
Typical Day 1 [N = 117] | Typical Day 2 [N = 124] | Typical Day 3 [N = 118] | Typical Day 4 [N = 3] | Typical Day 5 [N = 3] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | Total [kWh] | Peak [kW] | |
Old couple 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.95 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.00 | 39.0 |
Old couple 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.95 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.00 | 39.0 |
Young couple 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.05 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.00 | 35.2 |
Young couple 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.04 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.97 | 36.2 |
Family 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.48 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.00 | 56.1 |
Family 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.36 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.50 | 56.1 |
Office 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.61 | 11.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.43 | 44.6 |
Office 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.29 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.14 | 35.6 |
Office 3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.93 | 13.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.71 | 53.5 |
Condominium | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
Yearly total | 0 | 0 | 11,558 | 0 | 1186 |
Case | Configurations | HP | BOILER | PV | TANK | TAC | OPEX | CAPEX | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[kWth] | [kWth] | [m2] | [kW] | [m3] | [p.u.] | [p.u.] | [p.u.] | ||
A | SSP | n.a. | 77 | 2.50 | 0.38 | n.a. | 1 | 0.96 | 0.04 |
EC | n.a. | 77 | 100 | 15.00 | n.a. | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.13 | |
EC-ideal | n.a. | 77 | 137 | 20.55 | n.a. | 0.90 | 0.74 | 0.16 | |
B | B-SSP | 32.0 | 0 | 94.9 | 14.24 | 2.46 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.21 |
B-EC | 31.7 | 0 | 100 | 15.00 | 2.50 | 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.21 | |
EC-ideal | 28.4 | 0 | 244 | 36.60 | 3.75 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 0.34 |
u.m. | Ref. | A | B | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSP | EC | EC-Ideal | SSP | EC | EC-Ideal | ||||
Gas | consumption | kSm3 | 9.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −9.74 | −9.74 | −9.74 |
Electricity | consumption | MWh | 30.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | +17.73 | +17.73 | +17.73 |
production | MWh | 0.00 | +0.48 | +19.23 | +26.34 | +18.26 | +19.23 | +46.84 | |
import | MWh | 30.09 | −0.20 | −13.38 | −14.89 | +11.98 | +1.14 | −7.24 | |
export | MWh | 0.00 | +0.28 | +5.85 | +11.45 | +12.51 | +2.62 | +21.82 | |
physical self-consumption | MWh | 0.00 | +0.20 | +0.27 | +0.27 | +5.75 | +5.07 | +9.83 | |
% | 0.00 | 41.15% | 1.42% | 1.04% | 31.49% | 26.36% | 20.98% | ||
collective self-consumption | MWh | 0.00 | 0.00 | +13.11 | +14.62 | 0.00 | +11.55 | +15.19 | |
% | 0.00 | 0.00 | 68.16% | 55.50% | 0.00 | 60.04% | 32.44% | ||
total self-consumption | MWh | 0.00 | +0.198 | +13.38 | +14.89 | +5.75 | +16.62 | +25.02 | |
% | 0.00 | 41.15% | 69.58% | 56.53% | 31.49% | 86.40% | 53.42% | ||
CO2 | electricity | ton | 9.93 | −0.07 | −4.42 | −4.92 | +3.95 | +0.38 | −2.39 |
gas | ton | 19.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −19.14 | −19.14 | −19.14 | |
TOT | ton | 29.07 | −0.07 | −4.42 | −4.92 | −15.18 | −18.76 | −21.53 | |
Economics | electricity exchange: | ||||||||
bill (A) | k EUR | 6.38 | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.05 | +3.12 | +3.24 | −3.60 | |
remuneration (B) | k EUR | 0.00 | +0.03 | +2.63 | +3.24 | +1.77 | +2.16 | +3.99 | |
gas (C) | k EUR | 5.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −4.86 | −4.86 | −4.86 | |
TOT (A − B + C) | k EUR | 11.81 | −0.06 | −2.68 | −3.28 | −3.51 | −3.78 | −12.45 |
Stakeholder | Scenario | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A-EC | B-EC | |||
Old couple 1 | EUR 60 | (9.2%) | EUR 54 | (8.3%) |
Old couple 2 | EUR 59 | (9.1%) | EUR 54 | (8.3%) |
Young couple 1 | EUR 31 | (5.4%) | EUR 29 | (4.9%) |
Young couple 2 | EUR 38 | (6.4%) | EUR 34 | (5.7%) |
Family 1 | EUR 60 | (7.9%) | EUR 55 | (7.2%) |
Family 2 | EUR 74 | (9.6%) | EUR 67 | (8.7%) |
Office 1 | EUR 106 | (15.1%) | EUR 96 | (13.6%) |
Office 2 | EUR 81 | (13.8%) | EUR 73 | (12.4%) |
Office 3 | EUR 130 | (16.0%) | EUR 118 | (14.5%) |
Condominium | EUR 1987 | EUR 1580 | ||
Overall | EUR 2627 | EUR 2159 |
Stakeholder | Load Shifting (Only Family 1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 100% | |
Old couple 1 | EUR 60 | EUR 58 | EUR 57 | EUR 57 | EUR 56 |
Old couple 2 | EUR 59 | EUR 58 | EUR 57 | EUR 57 | EUR 56 |
Young couple 1 | EUR 31 | EUR 31 | EUR 31 | EUR 31 | EUR 31 |
Young couple 2 | EUR 38 | EUR 38 | EUR 37 | EUR 37 | EUR 37 |
Family 1 | EUR 60 | EUR 85 | EUR 120 | EUR 145 | EUR 154 |
Family 2 | EUR 74 | EUR 72 | EUR 71 | EUR 70 | EUR 70 |
Office 1 | EUR 106 | EUR 104 | EUR 101 | EUR 100 | EUR 100 |
Office 2 | EUR 81 | EUR 79 | EUR 77 | EUR 76 | EUR 76 |
Office 3 | EUR 130 | EUR 128 | EUR 125 | EUR 123 | EUR 123 |
Condominium | EUR 1987 | EUR 2012 | EUR 2047 | EUR 2073 | EUR 2081 |
Overall | EUR 2627 | EUR 2666 | EUR 2725 | EUR 2769 | EUR 2783 |
Stakeholder | Load Shifting (All the Users) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 25% | 50% | 75% | 100% | |
Old couple 1 | EUR 60 | EUR 71 | EUR 87 | EUR 82 | EUR 81 |
Old couple 2 | EUR 59 | EUR 71 | EUR 88 | EUR 82 | EUR 81 |
Young couple 1 | EUR 31 | EUR 49 | EUR 71 | EUR 72 | EUR 72 |
Young couple 2 | EUR 38 | EUR 55 | EUR 77 | EUR 77 | EUR 77 |
Family 1 | EUR 60 | EUR 79 | EUR 104 | EUR 103 | EUR 101 |
Family 2 | EUR 74 | EUR 88 | EUR 109 | EUR 105 | EUR 101 |
Office 1 | EUR 106 | EUR 107 | EUR 113 | EUR 99 | EUR 94 |
Office 2 | EUR 81 | EUR 84 | EUR 90 | EUR 78 | EUR 75 |
Office 3 | EUR 130 | EUR 131 | EUR 137 | EUR 121 | EUR 113 |
Condominium | EUR 1987 | EUR 2130 | EUR 2312 | EUR 2410 | EUR 2431 |
Overall | EUR 2627 | EUR 2867 | EUR 3187 | EUR 3230 | EUR 3226 |
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Zatti, M.; Moncecchi, M.; Gabba, M.; Chiesa, A.; Bovera, F.; Merlo, M. Energy Communities Design Optimization in the Italian Framework. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115218
Zatti M, Moncecchi M, Gabba M, Chiesa A, Bovera F, Merlo M. Energy Communities Design Optimization in the Italian Framework. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115218
Chicago/Turabian StyleZatti, Matteo, Matteo Moncecchi, Marco Gabba, Alberto Chiesa, Filippo Bovera, and Marco Merlo. 2021. "Energy Communities Design Optimization in the Italian Framework" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115218