Experimental Characterization of Flame Structure and Soot Volume Fraction of Premixed Kerosene Jet A-1 and Surrogate Flames
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup
2.1. Premixed Kerosene Flat Flame
2.2. TDLAS
2.3. GC
2.4. Laser Extinction
3. Results
3.1. Flame Structure
3.2. Comparison with Numerical Calculations
- A reaction mechanism developed by Honnet et al. [12] for the trimethylbenzene and n-decane surrogate. By analogy with the name of the surrogate, this mechanism is referred to hereafter as the Aachen mechanism (120 species, 841 reactions).
- The mechanism developed by the University of California San Diego for JP10 [29]. It is hereafter referred to as the San Diego mechanism (61 species, 298 reactions).
- A mechanism developed by Kathrotia et al. [32] for kerosene surrogate mixtures of N-decane, cyclohexane, isooctane and toluene. Since this mechanism does not include all species necessary for the surrogate, a mixture of 42.67 vol.-% N-decane, 33.02 vol.-% isooctane and 24.31 vol.-% toluene was calculated based on Dooley et al. [33]. It is abbreviated here as DLR mechanism (189 species, 1327 reactions).
3.3. Numerical Variation of the Fuel Composition
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AH | aromatic hydrocarbon |
BAH | Bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
GC/MS | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
HAB | Height above the burner |
MAH | Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
PAH | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
TDLAS | Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy |
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C/O | v (cm/s) | Jet A-1 (g/h) | O (slpm) | Ar (slpm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.1 | 0.7 | 6 | 76.29 | 1.45 | 5.47 |
2.2 | 0.73 | 6 | 79.81 | 1.45 | 5.46 |
2.3 | 0.77 | 6 | 83.32 | 1.45 | 5.45 |
2.1 | 0.7 | 5 | 64.93 | 1.21 | 4.56 |
Parameter | Method | Result |
---|---|---|
Olefin content | ASTM D 1319 | <4 vol.-% |
Aromatic content | 16.5 vol.-% | |
Density (15 °C) | ASTM D 4052 | 800.8 kg/m |
Sulfur Content | ASTM D 5453 (IP 336) | 600 mg/kg |
Naphthalene Content | ASTM D 1840 | 1.5 vol.-% |
Lower heating value | ASTM D 240 mod. | 43.24 MJ/kg |
Carbon content | ASTM D 5291 | 85.0 m.-% |
Hydrogen content | 13.1 m.-% | |
MAH | ASTM D 6379 | 19.8 m.-% |
BAH | 2.1 m.-% | |
Total AH | 21.9 m.-% |
(nm) | d (m) | d (m) | d (m) | l (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1345 | 1013 | 168 | 357 | 16 |
1392 | 1207 | 140 | 398 | 12 |
1535 | 1412 | 153 | 411 | 12 |
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von Langenthal, T.; Sentko, M.M.; Schulz, S.; Stelzner, B.; Trimis, D.; Zarzalis, N. Experimental Characterization of Flame Structure and Soot Volume Fraction of Premixed Kerosene Jet A-1 and Surrogate Flames. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114796
von Langenthal T, Sentko MM, Schulz S, Stelzner B, Trimis D, Zarzalis N. Experimental Characterization of Flame Structure and Soot Volume Fraction of Premixed Kerosene Jet A-1 and Surrogate Flames. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114796
Chicago/Turabian Stylevon Langenthal, Thomas, Matthias Martin Sentko, Sebastian Schulz, Björn Stelzner, Dimosthenis Trimis, and Nikolaos Zarzalis. 2021. "Experimental Characterization of Flame Structure and Soot Volume Fraction of Premixed Kerosene Jet A-1 and Surrogate Flames" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114796