Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Proteasome inhibitors [19,20,21]. The proteasome is a multicatalytic target responsible for the degradation of the proteins. To date, there are only three proteasome inhibitors approved for clinical: ixazomib [22], bortezomib [23], and carfilzomib [24]. These drugs can stimulate osteogenesis in MM patients [25]. Proteasome modulation can also be achieved by binding lenalidomide to thalidomide and acting as E3-Ligase inhibitors [26].
- DNA damaging agents. This category includes alkylating drugs, such as melphalan, or other agents, as doxorubicin, as well as histone deacetylase inhibitors such as panobinostat [27].
- Monoclonal antibodies [31,32,33]. There are two monoclonal-based therapy approved for the treatment of MM: daratumumab (CD38 pathway) [34], and elotuzumab (targetSLAMF7 pathway) [35]. The efficacy of monoclonal antibodies is the highest, but this therapy has a high cost [6]. In 2020, the FDA approved a third monoclonal antibody for MM therapy, Sarclisa (isatuximab—irfc) in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone [36]. Isatuximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the transmembrane receptor and the ectoenzyme CD38, a protein overexpressed by malignant hematological cells [37]. Isatuximab is a new MM treatment for patient’s refractory to lenalidomide and proteasome inhibitor [38].
2. Molecular Pathways Involved in Multiple Myeloma Progression
3. Flavonoids in Multiple Myeloma
3.1. Apigenin
3.2. Baicalein
3.3. Chrysoeriol
3.4. Luteolin
3.5. Scutellarin
3.6. Wogonin
3.7. Fisetin
3.8. Myricetin
3.9. Quercetin
3.10. Epigallocatechin-Gallate
3.11. Daidzin
3.12. Formononetin
3.13. Genistein
3.14. Chalcones
3.15. Butein
3.16. Cardamonin
3.17. Isobavachalcone
3.18. Isoliquiritigenin
3.19. Xanthohumol
3.20. Bavachin
3.21. Icariin
3.22. Icaritin
3.23. Icariside II
4. Plant Extracts in Multiple Myeloma
5. Conclusions and Therapeutic Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class of Flavonoids | Bioactive Compounds |
---|---|
Flavones | Apigenin, Baicalein, Crysoeriol, Luteolin, Scutellarin, Wogonin |
Flavonols | Fisetin, Myricetin, Quercetin |
Flavanols | Epigallocatehin-3-gallate |
Isoflavonones | Daidzin, Genistein |
Chalcones | Butein, Cardamonin, Isobavachalcone, Isoliquiritigenin, Xanthohumol |
Prenylated flavonoids | Bavachin, Icariin, Icaritin, Icariside II |
Herbal Extracts | In Vitro/In Vivo | Cancer Cell Line and Animal Model | Bioactive Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Azorella cglabra | In vitro | SKMM1, RPMI-8226, and MM1S cells PBMCs | ↑ antioxidant activity ↓ cell viability, induced apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest | [461] |
Corchorus olitorius leaf extracts (LE) and seed extracts (SE) | In vitro | ARH-77 cells | - cytotoxic effects on cells (LE and SE) -SE had higher cytotoxicity on cells - genotoxicity effects in dose-dependent manner (LE and SE) | [473] |
Frankincense and myrrh extracts | In vitro | U266 cells | - inhibited cell proliferation - ameliorated the secretion of cytokines ↓ expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway -3-O-acetyl-α-boswellic acid, 11-keto-boswellic acid and 3-acetyl-11 keto-boswellic acid had the most significant anti-multiple myeloma activities | [474] |
Fumaria officinalis extracts | In vitro | MOLP-8, NCI-H929, KMS-12BM, RPMI-8226, KMS-11, AMO-I, L-363, OPM-2, JJN-3 cells | - CF induced vialbility of NCI-H929 cell line - EF induced cytotoxicity on OPM-2 cells - CF and EF induced apoptosis in NCI-H929 cells by loss of MMP, generation of ROS - EF induced autophagic cell death, while CF stimulated iron-dependent cell death | [475] |
Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts | In vitro | RPMI-8226 cells | - antiproliferative effects (Hib-ester and Hib-carbaldehyde compounds) ↓ cell migration and invasion, events involved in the process of metastasis | [6] |
Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE) | In vitro | RPMI-8226 cells | ↓ cell growth, motility and invasiveness by ERK1/2 modulation ↑ cytostatic effects dependent on p38 activation | [476] |
Patrinia scabiosaefolia ethanol extract (EEEEPS) | In vitro | U266 cells | - inhibited the activation of STAT3 - inhibited the proliferation - induced apoptosis ↓ the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 | [477] |
Punica granatum leaves, flowers and stem extracts | In vitro | U266 cells | - inhibited proliferation - apoptotic effect - caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M and S phases | [462] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) extract | In vitro | U266 and U937 cells | - suppressed the growth of U266 and U937 cells ↑ ROS generation and cytotoxic effect was dependent on ROS - induced ER stress mediated apoptosis ↑ expression of miR-216b and ↓ its target, c-Jun, in U266 and U937 Cells | [478] |
Scutellaria baicalensis extract | In vitro | RPMI-8226 cells | - Scutellaria extract riched in baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin - inhibited the proliferation ↓ the expression level of ABCG2 protein | [135] |
Serenoa repens | In vitro | U266, RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells | - induced growth arrest - induced apoptosis ↑ the expression of cleaved-PARP or p27 protein ↓ basal level of phosphorylated form of STAT 3 ↓ IL-6 induced level of phosphorylated form of STAT 3 and ERK - inhibition of STAT 3 signaling | [479] |
Strychnos nux-vomica root extract | In vitro | U266B1 cells | - anti-proliferative effect - accumulation of the sub-G0/G1 cell population with consequent decline in other phases of cell cycle ↓ IL-6 and CD-138 | [480] |
Strychnos nux-vomica root extract | In vitro | RPMI 8226 | - anti-proliferative activity -the SN-treated cells exhibited significant features associated with apoptosis: cell shrinkage, condensed chromatin, nuclear fragmentation and membrane blebbing ↑ the accumulation of cells at sub-G0/G1 phase - induced disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent leakage of mitochondrial cytochrome c | [481] |
Thymus vulgaris and Arctium lappa extracts | In vitro | MOLP-8, KMS-11, NCI-H929, RPMI-8226, KMS-12BM, JJN-3, L-363, AMO-I, and OPM-2 cells | - cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR 5000 cell lines - TCF induced apoptosis in NCI-H929 cells with a higher ratio, compared to ACF - ACF demonstrated more potent autophagy activity than TCF - TCF and ACF induced cell cycle arrest and ferroptosis | [482] |
Viscum album QuFrF (VAQuFrF) extract | In vitro | Molp-8, LP-1, OPM-2, Colo-677, RPMI-8226, and KMS-12-BM cells | - VAQuFrF + vincristine inhibited cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle phases, and increased the number of apoptotic/necrotic cells. - VAQuFrF inhibited the proliferation of the cells more effectively than vincristine in Molp-8, LP-1, and RPMI-8226 cells at a dose of 10 μg/105 cells - VAQuFrF affected the tumour cells mainly via cytostatic effect | [483] |
Bioactive compounds from Abelmoschus manihot L. | In vitro In vivo | ARP1 and H929 human MM cell lines and murine MM cell line, 5TMM3VT C57BL/KaLwRij mice | - HKC improved survival rate of MM-prone mice - promoted osteoblastogenesis and suppressed osteoclastogenesis in murine cell lines - HK-11 inhibited MM cells proliferation and ↓ β-catenin signaling | [484] |
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Cotoraci, C.; Ciceu, A.; Sasu, A.; Miutescu, E.; Hermenean, A. Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104451
Cotoraci C, Ciceu A, Sasu A, Miutescu E, Hermenean A. Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(10):4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104451
Chicago/Turabian StyleCotoraci, Coralia, Alina Ciceu, Alciona Sasu, Eftimie Miutescu, and Anca Hermenean. 2021. "Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma" Applied Sciences 11, no. 10: 4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104451