Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. CO2 Emissions by the Cement Sector
3. CO2 Uptake of Concrete
- XC1: dry or permanently wet
- XC2: wet or rarely dry
- XC3: moderate humidity
- XC4: cyclic wet and dry
4. Methodology
4.1. Calculation of CO2 Uptake of Concretes and Mortars Following the Simplified Method (Tier 1)
4.2. Calculation of CO2 Uptake of Concretes and Mortars Following the Advanced Method (Tier 2)
- (CO2)uptake: carbon dioxide content uptake, kg CO2.
- C: cement manufactured, kg cement.
- CO2,max: maximum carbon dioxide content able to be uptake, kg CO2/kg cement.
- DoC: carbonation degree, dimensionless. In this study was 0.6576.
- kco2: carbonation rate, mm/year0.5.
- t: time, years.
- S/V: surface per volume ratio, m2/m3.
5. Results
5.1. CO2 Uptake of Concretes Manufactured with Portuguese Cements Following the Simplified Method
5.2. CO2 Uptake of Concretes Manufactured with Portuguese Cements Following the Advanced Method
- B = carbonation coefficient (mm/y0.5).
- x = carbonation depth (mm).
- t = time of natural carbonation (years).
- CO2,max: maximum amount of carbon dioxide that can be absorbed, kg CO2/kg cement.
- CaOreactive: kg CaO/kg binder × 100. This value is taken as 65%.
- Binder: Amount of cement (kg).
- MCO2: 44.0 g/mol.
- MCaO: 56.1 g/mol.
6. Conclusions
- The total amount of carbon dioxide that can be absorbed by concretes and mortars made with Portuguese cements, consumed from 2005 to 2015, was found to go from 5.6 to 7.4 million tons from 2050 to 2100 when considering the surface/volume ratios of three for civil engineering works, eight for buildings, and 20 for mortars. Thus, the percentage of carbon dioxide uptake, considering the absolute gross process CO2 emissions, is in the range between 14.8% and 19.6%. Consequently, the simplified method agrees with the carbon dioxide uptake from the origin considered in the present study until the year 2100. Nevertheless, 9.1 million tons of carbon dioxide will be uptake in the year 2121 (24.2%), when 3% of the absolute gross process CO2 emissions due to the end-of-life stage is added to the carbon dioxide uptake reached in 2021.
- In the period of 2005–2015, CO2 absorption from Portuguese cements was estimated at 8.7 million tons of CO2 when using the simplified methodology and applying a factor of 0.23 (20% for service life and 3% for the end-of-life plus secondary usage stage), which is what is proposed in the IVL simplified methodology.
- Mortar’s carbon dioxide uptake was about 95% in ten years. However, civil works and building concretes only reached 6.6% and 26.0% after one hundred years of carbonation, respectively.
- As expected, short carbonation periods provide a low carbon dioxide uptake. Therefore, actual service-life periods should be considered in order to assess the whole process. In addition, the great influence of the S/V ratio on carbon dioxide uptake make this a key factor in this advanced methodology
- In regard to the shortcomings in the current climate models, which do not consider the net carbon dioxide emission (released by the calcination process in the clinker fabrication minus concrete carbonation) attributed to the Portland cement clinker production, IPCC authors are strongly encouraged to improve their climate models adding the aforementioned net carbon dioxide emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Requirement for Minimum Concrete Cover (mm) | Structural Class | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure Class: Corrosion Induced by Carbonation | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 |
XC1—dry or permanently wet | 10 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
XC2—wet or rarely dry | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
XC3—moderate humidity | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 |
XC4—cyclic wet and dry | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 |
Year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinker annual production (kilotons) | 7865 | 7777 | 8018 | 7748 | 6164 | 6484 | 5351 | 4882 | 5427 | 5968 | 5626 |
Total Absolute Gross CO2 Emissions (kilotons) (without biomass emissions) | 6722 | 6640 | 6811 | 6524 | 5075 | 5458 | 4455 | 4015 | 4393 | 4904 | 4621 |
Absolute Gross Process CO2 Emissions (kilotons) | 4206 | 4141 | 4256 | 4146 | 3200 | 3471 | 2825 | 2588 | 2872 | 3162 | 2978 |
Main Types | Type Name | Type Notation | K 1 | MAC 2 | Factor (Kcement/KCEM I) | Factor (Kcement/KCEM I) | CO2,max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg CO2/kg Cement | |||||||
CEM I | Portland cement | CEM I | 95–100 | 0–5 | 95/95 = 1 | 1 | 0.49 |
CEM II | Portland-slag cement | CEM II/A-S | 80–88 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 |
CEM II/B-S | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
Portland-silica fume cement | CEM II/A-D | 90–94 | 0–5 | 90/95–94/95 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.46–0.48 | |
Portland-pozzolana cement | CEM II/A-P | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | |
CEM II/B-P | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
CEM II/A-Q | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | ||
CEM II/B-Q | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
Portland-fly ash cement | CEM II/A-V | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | |
CEM II/B-V | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
CEM II/A-W | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | ||
CEM II/B-W | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
Portland-burnt shale cement | CEM II/A-T | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | |
CEM II/B-T | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
Portland-limestone cement | CEM II/A-L | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | |
CEM II/B-L | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
CEM II/A-LL | 80–94 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | ||
CEM II/B-LL | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
Portland-composite cement | CEM II/A-M | 80–88 | 0–5 | 80/95–94/95 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.41–0.48 | |
CEM II/B-M | 65–79 | 0–5 | 65/95–79/95 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.34–0.41 | ||
CEM III | Blast furnace cement | CEM III/A | 35–64 | 0–5 | 35/95–64/95 | 0.37–0.67 | 0.18–0.33 |
CEM III/B | 20–34 | 0–5 | 20/95–34/95 | 0.21–0.36 | 0.10–0.18 | ||
CEM III/C | 5–19 | 0–5 | 5/95–19/95 | 0.05–0.20 | 0.03–0.10 | ||
CEM IV | Pozzolanic cement | CEM IV/A | 65–89 | 0–5 | 65/95–89/95 | 0.68–0.94 | 0.34–0.46 |
CEM IV/B | 45–64 | 0–5 | 45/95–64/95 | 0.47–0.67 | 0.23–0.33 | ||
CEM V | Composite cement | CEM V/A | 40–64 | 0–5 | 40/95–64/95 | 0.42–0.67 | 0.21–0.33 |
CEM V/B | 20–38 | 0–5 | 20/95–38/95 | 0.21–0.40 | 0.10–0.20 |
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Sanjuán, M.Á.; Andrade, C.; Mora, P.; Zaragoza, A. Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020646
Sanjuán MÁ, Andrade C, Mora P, Zaragoza A. Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(2):646. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020646
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanjuán, Miguel Ángel, Carmen Andrade, Pedro Mora, and Aniceto Zaragoza. 2020. "Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements" Applied Sciences 10, no. 2: 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020646
APA StyleSanjuán, M. Á., Andrade, C., Mora, P., & Zaragoza, A. (2020). Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020646