Experimental Study of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Coiled Flow Inverter Using TiO2–Water Nanofluids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Preparation of the Nanofluids
2.2. Characterization of the Nanofluids
2.3. Characterization of the Nanoparticles
2.4. Measurements of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
3. Calculations
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Nanoparticle Characterization by DLS, XRD, and SEM Analysis
4.2. Nanofluid Characterization
4.2.1. The Thermal Conductivity of the Nanofluids
4.2.2. The Dynamic Viscosity of the Nanofluids
4.2.3. The Density of the Nanofluids
4.2.4. The Specific Heat Capacity of the Nanofluids
4.3. Forced Convective Heat Transfer Study
4.4. Uncertainty Analysis
5. Conclusions
- ○
- Over particular ranges of NP volume concentrations and Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer was considerably higher in the proposed system than in the base fluid (i.e., water) flowing through the CFI and potentially superior than in water flowing in a helical coiled tube and TiO2–W NFs in a straight tube.
- ○
- NP volume concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 v/v% were studied at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1400 to 9500. The heat transfer was enhanced in the 6000 ≤ ≤ 9500 and at all NP concentrations, except for 1.5 v/v%. At the latter concentration, it is theorized that the higher viscosity of the NF than that of the base fluid outweighed the thermal conductivity advantage of the NF.
- ○
- The most significant increase of the NF in the CFI was 41–52% relative to water, obtained for the 1.0 v/v% NF in the higher Reynolds number range (i.e., 6000 ≤ ≤ 9500). At lower Reynolds numbers (i.e., 1400 ≤ < 6000), the CFI geometry failed to enhance the heat transfer of the NFs (relative to water) at any concentration.
- ○
- From the experimental results of the TiO2–W NFs in the CFI, two new empirical equations for prediction were proposed. The correlations are valid in the 1400 ≤ ≤ 9500 range of Reynolds numbers, the 4.5 ≤ ≤ 5.2 range of Prandtl numbers, and NP volume fractions of 0.002 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.010 and 0.002 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.015. The latter was built using previous theoretical findings for CFI, and the enhancement was added considering the limiting effect of having excess NPs.
- ○
- The physical and transport properties of the TiO2–W NFs were measured experimentally in the concentration domain of 0.2–1.5 v/v% and with temperature varied from 25 to 45 °C. The experimental results indicated that the classical theoretical models to estimate the thermophysical properties of NFs do not accurately predict the data for the TiO2–W NFs used in this study.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
external surface area of heat exchange (m2) | |
specific heat capacity (of working fluid) (J kg−1 °C−1) | |
inner diameter of the tube (m) | |
outer diameter of the tube (m) | |
coil diameter (m) | |
convective heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 °C−1) | |
thermal conductivity (of working fluid) (W m−1 °C−1) | |
thermal conductivity of the tube in the test section (W m−1 °C−1) | |
length of the tube in the test section (m) | |
mass flow rate of working fluid (kg s−1) | |
empirical shape factor of nanoparticles | |
Dean number | |
Nusselt number | |
Peclet number | |
Prandtl number | |
Reynolds number | |
ppm | parts per million |
heat transfer rate (W) | |
bulk fluid temperature at the inlet (°C) | |
– | bulk fluid temperatures at the intermediate points along the test section (°C) |
bulk fluid temperature at the outlet (°C) | |
temperature of the heating bath water (°C) | |
temperature difference at the inlet (°C) | |
temperature difference at the outlet (°C) | |
logarithmic mean temperature difference (°C) | |
overall heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 °C−1) | |
uncertainty in a calculated quantity | |
inlet velocity (m s−1) | |
v/v% | volume percent concentration (%) |
w/w% | weight percent concentration (%) |
a measured quantity for Equation (16) | |
uncertainty in a measured quantity |
Subscripts
base fluid | |
inner | |
nanofluid | |
nanoparticle | |
outer |
Greek Symbols
,, | constants in Equation (13) |
λ | curvature ratio |
dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1) | |
density (kg m−3) | |
ϕ | volume fraction of nanoparticles |
nanoparticles volume fraction enhancement limit for the present study ( = 0.015) | |
sphericity of nanoparticle |
Acronyms
CFI | coiled flow inverter |
DLS | dynamic light scattering |
EG | ethylene glycol |
GNP | graphene nanoplate |
HVAC-R | heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration |
ICSD | inorganic crystal structure database |
LPM | liters per minute |
MWCNT | multi-walled carbon nanotube |
NF(s) | nanofluid(s) |
NP(s) | nanoparticle(s) |
PALS | phase analysis light scattering |
PHE | plate and frame heat exchanger |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
PVC | polyvinyl chloride |
SEM | scanning electronic microscopy |
STHE | shell and tube heat exchanger |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
W | water |
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Parameters | Value |
---|---|
TiO2 volume concentration (v/v%) | 0.2–1.5 |
Reynolds number range | 1400–9500 |
Working fluid inlet temperature (°C) | 18–32 |
Heating bath water (°C) | 70 |
NP Volume Concentration in TiO2–W NFs | Constants | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.002 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.015 | |||
0.000783 | 0.8933 | 0.24 |
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Arevalo-Torres, B.; Lopez-Salinas, J.L.; García-Cuéllar, A.J. Experimental Study of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Coiled Flow Inverter Using TiO2–Water Nanofluids. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155225
Arevalo-Torres B, Lopez-Salinas JL, García-Cuéllar AJ. Experimental Study of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Coiled Flow Inverter Using TiO2–Water Nanofluids. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(15):5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155225
Chicago/Turabian StyleArevalo-Torres, Barbara, Jose L. Lopez-Salinas, and Alejandro J. García-Cuéllar. 2020. "Experimental Study of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Coiled Flow Inverter Using TiO2–Water Nanofluids" Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155225
APA StyleArevalo-Torres, B., Lopez-Salinas, J. L., & García-Cuéllar, A. J. (2020). Experimental Study of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in a Coiled Flow Inverter Using TiO2–Water Nanofluids. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155225