Biochar for Wastewater Treatment—Conversion Technologies and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conventional Thermal Methods for the Conversion of Feedstock into Carbonaceous Materials
2.1. Pyrolysis
2.2. Hydrothermal Carbonization
2.3. Gasification
2.4. Torrefaction
3. Modification of Biochar
4. Biochar as an Efficient Adsorbent for Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
4.1. Organic Pollutants
4.2. Heavy Metals
4.3. Biochar Adsorption Mechanism
4.4. Parameters Affecting the Adsorption of Pollutants on Biochar
4.4.1. Biochar Characteristics
4.4.2. Solution pH
4.4.3. Adsorbent Dosage
4.4.4. Temperature
5. Environmental Application of Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
5.1. As a Support Media during Anaerobic Digestion
5.2. As a Filtration Support Media
5.3. As a Catalyst during Heterogenous Oxidation
6. Future Perspectives and Environmental Concern of Biochar
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process | Temperature | Heating Rate | Residence Time | By-Products [%] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar | Bio-Oil | Syngas | ||||
Fast pyrolysis | 400–1000 °C | Very fast (~1000 °C/s) | <2 s | 12 | 75 | 13 |
Slow pyrolysis | 350–980 °C | Slow (<10 °C/min) | 1 h | 27–37 | 19–29 | 25–41 |
HTC | 180–300 °C | Slow | 1–16 h | 50–80 | 5–20 | 2–5 |
Gasification | 700–1500 °C | Moderate-very fast | 10–20 s | 10 | 5 | 85 |
Torrefaction | 200–300 °C | Slow, (<10 °C/min) | ~10–60 min | 80 | 0 | 20 |
Feedstock | Preparation Conditions | Yield [%] | SAA [m2/g] | Vt [cm3/g] | Ash [%] | CEC [cmol/kg] | pH | Elemental Analysis [%] | Organic Pollutants | pH a | T [°C] | Qmax (mg/g) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | |||||||||||||
Pecan nutshell | Pyrolysis, 800 °C, 60 min | 30 | 93 | 0.055 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Reactive Red 141 | 3 | 35 | 130 | [122] |
Switchgrass | Pyrolysis, 450 °C, 20 min | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Reactive red 195A | 5 | - | 1288.4 | [123] |
Corn stalks | Pyrolysis, 400 °C, 120 min | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Crystal violet | 6 | 40 | 278.5 | [124] |
Macroalgae residue | Pyrolysis, 800 °C, 90 min | 22.62 | 133.2 | - | 53.59 | 12.31 | 42.39 | 0.46 | 1.43 | 2.13 | Malachite green | - | 35 | 5306.2 | [20] | |
Crystal violet | 1222.5 | |||||||||||||||
Congo red | 345.2 | |||||||||||||||
Durian rind | Pyrolysis, 800 °C, 25 min | - | 820 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Congo red | - | - | 87.3 | [125] |
Switchgrass | Pyrolysis, 900 °C, 60 min | 14.8 | 641.6 | 0.058 | 7.54 | - | 10.7 | 85.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 2.6 | Methylene Blue | - | - | 196.1 | [21] |
Orange G | - | - | 38.2 | |||||||||||||
Congo Red | - | - | 22.6 | |||||||||||||
Chicken manure | Pyrolysis, 500 °C, 120 min | - | 68.8 | - | - | - | - | 54.3 | 10.5 | 4.5 | 18.8 | Phenol | 7 | 22 | 106.2 | [97] |
2,4-Dinitrophenol | 148.1 | |||||||||||||||
Pine fruit shell | Slow pyrolysis, 550 °C, 60 min | 29.23 | 228.11 | 0.148 | 3.23 | 8.7 | 83.27 | 3.69 | 0.00 | 13.04 | Phenol | 6.5 | 25 | 26.73 | [98] | |
Rice straw | Pyrolysis, 500 °C, 60 min | 28.0 | 96.0 | 0.06 | 50.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Phenol | 7 | 25 | 80.5 | [126] |
Rice husk | Pyrolysis, 650 °C, 60 min | 34.1 | 21.7 | - | 36.0 | - | - | 60.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 37.6 | Iodine | - | 20 | 120.7 | [127] |
Methylene blue | 3.8 | |||||||||||||||
Shore pine | Pyrolysis, 400 °C, 30 min | - | - | - | - | 15.39 | 7.3 | 73.9 | 3.32 | <0.5 | - | Methylene blue | - | - | 1.79 | [128] |
Sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis, 600 °C, 2 h and steam activation, 750 °C, 36 min | - | 347.54 | - | 7.21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | phenol | - | - | 46.43 | [129] |
Pinewood sawdust | HTC, 300 °C, 20 min and activation, 800 °C, 1 h | 53.8 | 425 | - | 2.90 | - | - | - | - | - | - | phenol | - | - | 83.88 | [130] |
Rice husk | 80.5 | 358 | - | 59.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 39.30 | |||
Barely straw | Torrefaction, 220 ℃, 20 min | 81.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Methylene blue | - | 23 | 11.65 | [79] |
Rice straw | Microwave assisted HTC, 180 °C, 50 min | 42.31 | 15.9 | - | 22.13 | - | - | 40.06 | 5.52 | 0.48 | 31.79 | Congo red | - | - | 222.1 | [131] |
Berberine hydrochloride | - | - | 174.0 | |||||||||||||
Rice straw | Microwave assisted HTC 200 °C, 60 min | 37.84 | 18.9 | - | 14.27 | - | - | 40.69 | 5.12 | 0.81 | 39.07 | 2-naphthol | - | - | 48.7 | [131] |
Bamboo sawdust | HTC, 240 °C, 30 min | 49.2 | 19.77 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 58.57 | 4.32 | 0.53 | 36.51 | Congo red | - | 25 | 96.9 | [132] | ||
2-naphthol | - | 462.6 | ||||||||||||||
Chili seeds | HTC, 215 °C, 8 h | 57.8 | 0.5 | 0.00457 | - | - | - | 64.04 | 7.58 | 1.70 | 26.60 | Methylene blue | 7 | 25 | 145 | [133] |
Walnut shell | HTC, 180 °C, 24 h | - | 52.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Methylene blue | 25 | 68 | [134] | |
Orange peles | HTC, 190 °C, 24 h | 51.58 | 34.06 | 0.0474 | - | - | - | 78.85 | - | 1.23 | 19.92 | Methylene blue | 7 | 30 | 59.6 | [135] |
Rice husk | HTC, 260 °C, 60 min | 28.1 | 3.5 | - | 2.7 | - | - | 73.3 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 19.0 | Methylene blue | - | 20 | 9.7 | [127] |
Iodine | - | 173.1 | ||||||||||||||
Corn stover | Torrefaction, 250 °C, 0.5 h | - | - | - | 30.38 | 42.92 | 2.39 | 1.55 | 22.25 | Methylene blue | 349.74 | [78] | ||||
Olive wastes | Pyrolysis, 300 °C, 1 h and KOH activation, 850 °C, 1 h. | - | 1375 | 0.84 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Methylene blue | 2 | - | 536 | [28] |
Iodine | 1136 | |||||||||||||||
Indigo carmine | 598.8 | |||||||||||||||
Coconut shell | Pyrolysis, 500 °C, 2 h and NaOH activation, 700 °C, 1.5 h. | 18.8 | 2825 | 1.498 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Methylene blue | - | - | 916.26 | [92] |
Feedstock | Preparation Conditions | Yield [%] | SSA [m2/g] | Vt [cm3/g] | Ash [%] | CEC [cmol/kg] | pH | Elemental Analysis [%] | Metal | pH a | T [°C] | Qmax (mg/g) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | |||||||||||||
Rice straw | Pyrolysis 550 °C, 2 h | 33.6 | 4.15 | - | 42.9 | - | 10.3 | 45.7 | 2.13 | 1.17 | - | Pb2+ | 5 | 25 | 0.85 b | [107] |
Zn2+ | 0.61 b | |||||||||||||||
Chicken manure | Pyrolysis 550 °C, 2 h | 77.5 | 7.09 | 87.2 | - | 9.95 | 7.49 | 0.43 | 0.76 | - | Pb2+ | 5 | 25 | 0.58 b | [107] | |
Zn2+ | 0.17 b | |||||||||||||||
Sewage sludge | Pyrolysis 550 °C, 2 h | 79.0 | 8.20 | 68.7 | - | 7.62 | 18.9 | 1.70 | 2.92 | - | Pb2+ | 5 | 25 | 0.11 b | [107] | |
Zn2+ | 0.07 b | |||||||||||||||
Chestnut shell | Pyrolysis 450 °C, 2 h | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | As(V) | 7 | 25 | 17.5 | [88] |
Canola straw | Pyrolysis 400 °C, 3 h 45 min | - | - | - | - | 316.9 | - | - | - | - | - | Cr(III) | 4 | 25 | 0.28 b | [108] |
Rice straw | - | - | - | - | 483.1 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.27 b | |||||
Soybean straw | - | - | - | - | 229.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.33 b | |||||
Peanut straw | - | - | - | - | 196.2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.48 b | |||||
Almond shell | Pyrolysis 650 °C | - | 145 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ni(II) | 7 | 40 | 22.2 | [136] |
Co(II) | 7 | 20 | 28.09 | |||||||||||||
Coconut fiber | Pyrolysis, 300 °C, 6 h | - | 4.495 | - | 3.76 | 72.86 | 7.41 | - | - | - | - | Pb2+ | 6 | 25 | 49.5 | [137] |
Pineapple peels | Pyrolysis, 350 °C, 1 h | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cr(VI) | 2 | 30 | 41.7 | [138] |
Hardwood (Acacia) | Pyrolysis, 300–400 °C, 2 h | - | 1.30 | - | 3.5 | - | 7.62 | 69.6 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 22.0 | Cu2+ | 5 | - | 3.48 | [139] |
Hardwood (Citrus) | Pyrolysis, 300 °C | 41.6 | 0.8 | - | 8.43 | - | 7.76 | 60.37 | 4.43 | 1.43 | 25.34 | Pb2+ | - | 22 | 7.153 | [140] |
Wheat Straw | Pyrolysis, 600 °C, 5 h | - | 26.3 | - | 41.1 | 6.12 c | 9.9 | 54 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 2.3 | Cd2+ | 5.5 | 22 | 17.92 | [141] |
Ni2+ | 16.26 | |||||||||||||||
Rice Straw | Pyrolysis, 600 °C, 4 h | 21.2 | 162.6 | - | - | - | 9.89 | 68.7 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 25.9 | Zn2+ | 5 | 25 | 38.6 | [109] |
Cu2+ | 56.5 | |||||||||||||||
Rice husk | Pyrolysis, 650 °C, 1 h | 34.1 | 21.7 | - | 36.0 | - | - | 60.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 37.6 | Cu2+ | 4.8 | 20 | 48.9 | [127] |
Anaerobically digested sludge | Pyrolysis, 600 °C, 2 h | 52.6 | 162.7 | 0.04 | - | - | - | 27.8 | 1.3 | - | 9.6 | Pb | 7 | 22 | 0.61 b | [104] |
Sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis, 300 °C, 20 min | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Pb | 6.3 | 25 | 53.48 | [142] |
Sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis, 500 °C | - | 92.30 | 0.04531 | 12.21 | - | 9.63 | 74.02 | 2.61 | 1.00 | 22.37 | Pb(II) | 5 | 30 | 86.96 | [143] |
Orange peel | - | 0.21 | 0.00016 | 11.17 | - | 8.75 | 66.36 | 3.60 | 2.13 | 28.09 | 27.86 | |||||
Macroalgae (Enteromorpha) | Hydrothermal liquefaction, 250 °C, 40 min | 20.5 | 29.7 | - | - | - | - | 70.2 | 4.5 | - | 23.1 | Cu2+ | 8.1 | - | 0.254 | [18] |
Pb2+ | 0.098 | |||||||||||||||
Sawdust | HTC, 190 °C, 12 h | - | 7.86 | 0.61 | - | - | - | 60.78 | 6.02 | 0.94 | 32.26 | Cu2+ | 5 | 25 | 298.9 | [144] |
Rice husk | HTC, 260 °C, 1 h | 28.1 | 3.5 | - | 2.7 | - | - | 73.3 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 19.0 | Cu+2 | 4.8 | 20 | 68.2 | [127] |
Banana peels | HTC, 230 °C, 2 h | 15.6 | 31.65 | - | 0.53 | - | - | 71.38 | 6.34 | 0.57 | 19.78 | Pb2+ | - | - | 315.16 | [65] |
Rice Straw | Microwave assisted HTC 160 °C, 60 min | 42.53 | 8.21 | - | 17.56 | - | - | 40.34 | 5.11 | 1.15 | 35.76 | Cu2+ | - | - | 144.9 | [131] |
Rice Straw | Microwave assisted HTC, 200 °C, 50 min | 36.22 | 25.4 | - | 19.53 | - | - | 37.44 | 4.85 | 0.75 | 37.4 | Zn2+ | - | - | 112.8 | [131] |
Wood chips (pine and spruce) | Gasification at 1000 °C | - | 14.4 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Fe | 4 | - | 24.1 | [145] |
Cu | 5 | 11.1 | ||||||||||||||
Ni | 8 | 5.6 | ||||||||||||||
Wood chips (pine and spruce) | Gasification at 1000 °C and ZnCl2 activation, 500 °C, 1 h | - | 259 | 0.26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Fe | - | - | 20.5 | [145] |
Cu | 23.1 | |||||||||||||||
Ni | 18.2 | |||||||||||||||
Pinewood sawdust | HTC, 300 °C, 20 min and CO2 activation, 800 °C, 1 h | 53.8 | 425 | - | 2.90 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cu | - | - | 25.18 | [130] |
Rice husk | 80.5 | 358 | - | 59.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.62 |
Feedstock | Preparation Conditions | Biochar Characteristics | Removal Efficiency | Ref. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSA [m2/g] | Porosity [%] | C [%] | H [%] | O [%] | COD [%] | Nutrients [%] | TSS/Turbidity [%] | HM [%] | E. coli [%] | |||
Waste wood pellets | Gasification, 520 °C | - | - | - | - | - | - | NO3-N: 86 Tot-P: 47 | 86 | 17–75 | 27 | [14] |
Miscanthus | Pyrolysis, 850 °C, 30 min | 500 | - | 80.0 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 74 | NH4-N: ≈ 7 Tot-P: 35 | 31 | - | 23 | [17] |
Hard wood | - | 184 | 72–74 | - | - | - | 95 | Tot-N: 52 Tot-P:57 | - | - | - | [190] |
Pine-spruce | - | 170–200 | 72–74 | - | - | - | > 90 | Tot-N: 50–52 Tot-P: 60–93 | - | - | - | [191] |
Forestry wood waste | Pyrolysis, 700 °C, 15 h | 137.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 92–99 | [192] |
Rice husk | Gasification | 143 | - | - | - | - | 94 | Tot-N: 10.8 Tot-P: 5.3 | 63 | - | 55 | [186] |
Softwood | Pyrolysis, 815–1315 °C, 1–3 s | - | - | 79 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ~96 | [193] |
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Enaime, G.; Baçaoui, A.; Yaacoubi, A.; Lübken, M. Biochar for Wastewater Treatment—Conversion Technologies and Applications. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3492. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103492
Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Lübken M. Biochar for Wastewater Treatment—Conversion Technologies and Applications. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(10):3492. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103492
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnaime, Ghizlane, Abdelaziz Baçaoui, Abdelrani Yaacoubi, and Manfred Lübken. 2020. "Biochar for Wastewater Treatment—Conversion Technologies and Applications" Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3492. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103492