Determination of Water Quality Degradation Due to Industrial and Household Wastewater in the Galing River in Kuantan, Malaysia Using Ion Chromatograph and Water Quality Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. River Water Sampling
2.2. Reagents
2.3. IEC/CEC System for Anionic and Cationic Species
2.4. Sensors and Optical Instruments for other WQIs
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Distribution of Ionic Species in the Galing River
3.2. Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in the Galing River
3.3. Relationship between NH4+, NO3−, and DO due to Biological Reactions
3.4. Comparison of the Correlation between COD and TP or Total inorganic nitrogen in the Galing River
3.5. Water Quality Classification Using Natural Water Quality Standards for Malaysia
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- From the obtained concentration of Cl− and Na+, relatively low environmental burden and anthropogenic influence was detected in G2 compared to the rest of the Galing River basin area.
- (2)
- In terms of ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, and DO, the western side of the Galing River was affected by higher human activity such as an influx of industrial, household, and untreated raw sewage wastewater, and registered lower class levels compared to the eastern side.
- (3)
- Class V or near class V pH values were obtained upstream on the western side of the Galing River (G1a-1 and G1a-2) in the industrial area.
- (4)
- From the results of (2) and (3), two types of environmental burden were expected in the western side of the Galing River due to the effect of industrial wastewater upstream, and household wastewater or untreated raw sewage in the wastewater.
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IEC/CEC | Ion-exclusion/ion-exchange chromatography |
DO | Dissolved Oxygen |
COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand |
TP | Total Phosphorus |
WQI | Water Quality Index |
TIN | Total Inorganic Nitrogen |
ORP | Oxidation-Reduction Potential |
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Caption | Ionic Species (mg/L) | DO (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | pH | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO42− | Cl− | NO3− | Na− | NH4+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | |||||
G1a-1–3 (Industrial area) | 3.18 | 38.2 | 0.12 | 28.2 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 3.22 | 19.2 | 2.23 | 278 | 11.1 | 5.07 |
G1a-4–6 (Housing area) | 11.5 | 21.4 | 0.34 | 17.2 | 6.14 | 5.37 | 1.86 | 11.6 | 3.07 | 39.0 | 3.10 | 6.10 |
G1b (Industrial area) | 13.9 | 14.8 | 0.35 | 12.9 | 4.00 | 4.48 | 1.75 | 11.2 | 5.01 | 46.7 | 3.40 | 6.07 |
G1c (Housing area) | 17.7 | 18.2 | 0.35 | 16.9 | 5.64 | 4.98 | 1.45 | 9.80 | 2.74 | 51.9 | 4.02 | 6.15 |
G2 (Housing area) | 12.3 | 13.3 | 2.14 | 10.6 | 1.37 | 3.81 | 1.48 | 10.9 | 5.18 | 9.81 | 1.64 | 6.04 |
Parameter | Class * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | |
NH4+–N (mg/L) | <0.1 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.3–0.9 | 0.9–2.7 | >2.7 |
COD (mg/L) | <10 | 10–25 | 25–50 | 50–100 | >100 |
DO (mg/L) | >7 | 5–7 | 3–5 | <3 | <1 |
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 6–9 | 5–9 | 5–9 | – |
Sampling Point | Parameter | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
NH4+–N (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | DO (mg/L) | pH | |
G1a-1 | V | V | IV | V |
G1a-2 | V | V | IV | III–IV |
G1a-3 | V | V | IV | III–IV |
G1a-4 | V | IV | IV | II |
G1a-5 | V | III | IV | II |
G1a-6 | V | II | III | II |
G1b-1 | IV | III | III | III–IV |
G1b-2 | V | IV | II | II |
G1c-1 | IV | I | III | III–IV |
G1c-2 | V | III | IV | II |
G1c-3 | V | III | IV | II |
G1c-4 | V | V | IV | II |
G2-1 | I | I | III | II |
G2-2 | I | I | II | III–IV |
G2-3 | III | I | III | II |
G2-4 | V | II | II | II |
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Kozaki, D.; Harun, N.I.B.; Rahim, M.H.B.A.; Mori, M.; Nakatani, N.; Tanaka, K. Determination of Water Quality Degradation Due to Industrial and Household Wastewater in the Galing River in Kuantan, Malaysia Using Ion Chromatograph and Water Quality Data. Environments 2017, 4, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020035
Kozaki D, Harun NIB, Rahim MHBA, Mori M, Nakatani N, Tanaka K. Determination of Water Quality Degradation Due to Industrial and Household Wastewater in the Galing River in Kuantan, Malaysia Using Ion Chromatograph and Water Quality Data. Environments. 2017; 4(2):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020035
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozaki, Daisuke, Norhasmira Idayu Binti Harun, Mohd Hasbi Bin Ab. Rahim, Masanobu Mori, Nobutake Nakatani, and Kazuhiko Tanaka. 2017. "Determination of Water Quality Degradation Due to Industrial and Household Wastewater in the Galing River in Kuantan, Malaysia Using Ion Chromatograph and Water Quality Data" Environments 4, no. 2: 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020035