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10.3390/environments12020051
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Article

A Bioassay Analysis of Uranium and Lead in Urine Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area in Indonesia

by
Very Susanto
1,†,
Radhia Pradana
2,3,†,
Eka Djatnika Nugraha
1,3,†,
Prihadi Sumintadireja
1,
Oumar Bobbo Modibo
3,
Ilsa Rosianna
4,
Nastiti Rahajeng
5,
Haeranah Ahmad
6,
Rusbani Kurniawan
3,
Leons Rixson
3,
Atika Yuningsih
7,
Yusraini Dian Inayati Siregar
7,
Asep Saepuloh
1,
Wahyudi Wahyudi
3,
Hirofumi Tazoe
8,
Naofumi Akata
8 and
Shinji Tokonami
8,*
1
Research Group of Petrology, Volcanology, and Geochemistry, Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology (FEST), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2
Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan
3
Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Banten, Indonesia
4
Research Center for Nuclear Material and Radioactive Waste Technology, Research Organization of Nuclear Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Banten, Indonesia
5
Directorate for Strengthening and Partnership of Research and Innovation Infrastructure, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
6
Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic of Mamuju, Mamuju 91511, Indonesia
7
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, South Tangerang 15412, Indonesia
8
Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to the first author.
Environments 2025, 12(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020051
Submission received: 31 December 2024 / Revised: 31 January 2025 / Accepted: 1 February 2025 / Published: 4 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)
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Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is a major environmental concern due to the high toxicity of heavy metals in humans. High natural background radiation areas (HNBRAs) contain high concentrations of the radioactive element 238U, which decays into 206Pb, in their soil, crops, and water. Concentrations of the heavy metals lead (Pb) and uranium (U) are, thus, correlated with HNBRAs. Mamuju in Indonesia is a recently studied HNBRA where high concentrations of Pb and U in the soil have been reported. The present study analyzes Mamuju residents’ exposure to Pb and U. Two zones in the study area were selected for comprehensive assessment. North Botteng was chosen to represent the HNBRA, and Topoyo was selected as the control zone, with 22 urine samples collected from each zone. The samples were analyzed using a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The average concentrations of Pb measured in the urine samples were 1.31 mg L−1 and 0.77 mg L−1 in North Botteng and Topoyo, respectively. These values are higher than the urine Pb reference value of 5 µg L−1. The urine Pb concentrations in both studied zones were alarmingly high, which may have serious health effects on the population and should warrant action to reduce Pb exposure in this area. The committed effective dose from the ingestion of 238U in North Botteng was higher than in Topoyo, measuring 36.0 mSv and 8.9 mSv, respectively. The area most affected by the ingestion of 238U was the red bone marrow, followed by the bone surface.
Keywords: environmental radioactivity; heavy metal; Pb exposure; radiation dose environmental radioactivity; heavy metal; Pb exposure; radiation dose

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MDPI and ACS Style

Susanto, V.; Pradana, R.; Nugraha, E.D.; Sumintadireja, P.; Modibo, O.B.; Rosianna, I.; Rahajeng, N.; Ahmad, H.; Kurniawan, R.; Rixson, L.; et al. A Bioassay Analysis of Uranium and Lead in Urine Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area in Indonesia. Environments 2025, 12, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020051

AMA Style

Susanto V, Pradana R, Nugraha ED, Sumintadireja P, Modibo OB, Rosianna I, Rahajeng N, Ahmad H, Kurniawan R, Rixson L, et al. A Bioassay Analysis of Uranium and Lead in Urine Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area in Indonesia. Environments. 2025; 12(2):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020051

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susanto, Very, Radhia Pradana, Eka Djatnika Nugraha, Prihadi Sumintadireja, Oumar Bobbo Modibo, Ilsa Rosianna, Nastiti Rahajeng, Haeranah Ahmad, Rusbani Kurniawan, Leons Rixson, and et al. 2025. "A Bioassay Analysis of Uranium and Lead in Urine Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area in Indonesia" Environments 12, no. 2: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020051

APA Style

Susanto, V., Pradana, R., Nugraha, E. D., Sumintadireja, P., Modibo, O. B., Rosianna, I., Rahajeng, N., Ahmad, H., Kurniawan, R., Rixson, L., Yuningsih, A., Siregar, Y. D. I., Saepuloh, A., Wahyudi, W., Tazoe, H., Akata, N., & Tokonami, S. (2025). A Bioassay Analysis of Uranium and Lead in Urine Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area in Indonesia. Environments, 12(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020051

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