Mindfulness Meditation and Fantasy Relaxation in a Group Setting Leads to a Diminished Sense of Self and an Increased Present Orientation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Interventions
2.3. Trait Inventories
2.3.1. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)
2.3.2. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)
2.3.3. Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)
2.4. State Inventory
Inventory on Subjective Time, Self, Space (STSS)
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Transcript of the Mindfulness Meditation (Original)
Appendix A.2. Transcript of the Fantasy Relaxation (Original)
References
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Measure STSS | Mindfulness Meditation Mean (S.D.) | Fantasy Relaxation Mean (S.D.) |
---|---|---|
Intensity sense of self [0 … 6] | 2.64 * (1.1) | 3.30 * (1.5) |
Intensity sense of space [0 … 6] | 4.25 (1.3) | 4.09 (1.7) |
Intensity sense of time [0 … 100] | 33.6 (26.1) | 40.2 (24.0) |
Speed of time passage [0 … 100] | 58.8 (23.6) | 58.1 (18.1) |
% Sense of past [0 … 100] | 20.6 (13.1) | 19.6 (13.3) |
% Sense of present [0 … 100] | 51.3 (22.3) | 52.9 (23.7) |
% Sense of future [0 … 100] | 27.8 (15.5) | 27.5 (18.7) |
Measure STSS | Session t1 Mean (S.D.) | Session t2 Mean (S.D.) |
---|---|---|
Intensity sense of self [0 … 6] | 3.34 (1.2) ** | 2.59 (1.4) ** |
Intensity sense of space [0 … 6] | 3.95 (1.5) | 4.39 (1.5) |
Intensity sense of time [0 … 100] | 38.0 (2.5) | 35.8 (2.6) |
Speed of time passage [0 … 100] | 58.3 (22.9) | 58.6 (19.0) |
% Sense of past [0 … 100] | 22.6 (14.6) ** | 17.6 (11.0) ** |
% Sense of present [0 … 100] | 42.9 (24.0) ** | 61.3 (17.7) ** |
% Sense of future [0 … 100] | 34.5 (19.0) ** | 20.8 (11.6) ** |
Intensity Sense of Self [0 … 6] | % Sense of Past [0 … 100] | % Sense of Present [0 … 100] | % Sense of Future [0 … 100] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BIS Sum | −0.057 | 0.260 | −0.473 ** | 0.429 ** |
ZTPI present hedonistic | 0.026 | 0.153 | −0.420 ** | 0.447 ** |
ZTPI present fatalistic | 0.115 | 0.272 | −0.241 | 0.116 |
ZTPI future | −0.189 | −0.180 | 0.245 | −0.179 |
ZTPI past negative | −0.211 | −0.010 | 0.214 | −0.288 |
ZTPI past positive | −0.073 | −0.087 | −0.224 | 0.368 * |
FMI presence | 0.002 | −0.164 | 0.176 | −0.095 |
FMI acceptance | 0.030 | −0.165 | −0.023 | 0.175 |
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Kohls, N.; Esch, T.; Gerber, L.; Adrian, L.; Wittmann, M. Mindfulness Meditation and Fantasy Relaxation in a Group Setting Leads to a Diminished Sense of Self and an Increased Present Orientation. Behav. Sci. 2019, 9, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9080087
Kohls N, Esch T, Gerber L, Adrian L, Wittmann M. Mindfulness Meditation and Fantasy Relaxation in a Group Setting Leads to a Diminished Sense of Self and an Increased Present Orientation. Behavioral Sciences. 2019; 9(8):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9080087
Chicago/Turabian StyleKohls, Niko, Tobias Esch, Lea Gerber, Lucas Adrian, and Marc Wittmann. 2019. "Mindfulness Meditation and Fantasy Relaxation in a Group Setting Leads to a Diminished Sense of Self and an Increased Present Orientation" Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 8: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9080087