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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 8
10.3390/bs16081347
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Article

Exploring Attentional Mechanisms of Strategic Self-Talk Through Heart-Rate Variability in a Golf-Putting Task Among Novices

by
Emmanouil Tzormpatzakis
,
Theodoros Proskinitopoulos
,
Orestis Panoulas
,
Evangelos Galanis
,
Evgenia Nikolakopoulou
,
Nikos Comoutos
,
Yannis Theodorakis
and
Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
*
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(8), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081347
Submission received: 19 February 2026 / Revised: 8 July 2026 / Accepted: 24 July 2026 / Published: 5 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Stress, Well-Being, and Performance in Sport)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The positive impact of strategic self-talk on performance in various sports tasks has been well-documented. Contemporary research has therefore started to explore the potential mechanisms through which self-talk affects performance. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine aspects of the attentional mechanisms underlying performance on a golf putting task, endorsing a psychophysiological perspective through the assessment of Heart-Rate Variability (HRV). Participants were 40 male sport science students, with no prior experience in golf putting, who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The experiment was completed over four sessions, including baseline assessment, two training sessions, and final assessment. Participants of both groups followed the same training protocol, with the experimental group practicing strategic self-talk and developing personal self-talk plans for the final assessment. Performance and HRV were recorded during the baseline and final assessments. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the experimental group showed greater performance improvement from baseline to final assessment and superior performance compared to the control group at the final assessment. Analysis of the HRV data provided indications that the experimental group showed different patterns of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) activation at the final assessment, showing a greater activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, in particular towards the latest stages of the golf-putting task. The HRV findings, which should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of multivariate significance, are in line with an attentional interpretation of self-talk effectiveness indicating a less effortful processing.
Keywords: attention; psychophysiology; self-regulation; sport; skill acquisition attention; psychophysiology; self-regulation; sport; skill acquisition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tzormpatzakis, E.; Proskinitopoulos, T.; Panoulas, O.; Galanis, E.; Nikolakopoulou, E.; Comoutos, N.; Theodorakis, Y.; Hatzigeorgiadis, A. Exploring Attentional Mechanisms of Strategic Self-Talk Through Heart-Rate Variability in a Golf-Putting Task Among Novices. Behav. Sci. 2026, 16, 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081347

AMA Style

Tzormpatzakis E, Proskinitopoulos T, Panoulas O, Galanis E, Nikolakopoulou E, Comoutos N, Theodorakis Y, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Exploring Attentional Mechanisms of Strategic Self-Talk Through Heart-Rate Variability in a Golf-Putting Task Among Novices. Behavioral Sciences. 2026; 16(8):1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081347

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tzormpatzakis, Emmanouil, Theodoros Proskinitopoulos, Orestis Panoulas, Evangelos Galanis, Evgenia Nikolakopoulou, Nikos Comoutos, Yannis Theodorakis, and Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis. 2026. "Exploring Attentional Mechanisms of Strategic Self-Talk Through Heart-Rate Variability in a Golf-Putting Task Among Novices" Behavioral Sciences 16, no. 8: 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081347

APA Style

Tzormpatzakis, E., Proskinitopoulos, T., Panoulas, O., Galanis, E., Nikolakopoulou, E., Comoutos, N., Theodorakis, Y., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2026). Exploring Attentional Mechanisms of Strategic Self-Talk Through Heart-Rate Variability in a Golf-Putting Task Among Novices. Behavioral Sciences, 16(8), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16081347

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