Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis

Liu, Xiaoxian; Fan, Hengyuan; Xiong, Ruijuan; An, Lei; Wang, Yiming; Du, Ruojuan; Ding, Xiaosheng

doi:10.3390/bs15040543

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis

by

Xiaoxian Liu

,

Hengyuan Fan

,

Ruijuan Xiong

,

Lei An

,

Yiming Wang

,

Ruojuan Du

and

Xiaosheng Ding

^*

Faculty of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040543

Submission received: 15 February 2025 / Revised: 12 April 2025 / Accepted: 15 April 2025 / Published: 17 April 2025

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Abstract

The present study used a person-centered approach to examine the latent patterns of cumulative family risk and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents and their relationships with non-suicidal self-injury. A sample of 1046 primary and secondary school students was analyzed using latent class analysis and latent profile analysis to identify subgroups of cumulative family risk and emotion regulation difficulties, respectively. The results were as follows: (1) Two latent classes of cumulative family risk were identified: a high-risk group (30.78%) and a low-risk group (69.22%). Adolescents in the high-risk group had significantly higher self-injury scores. (2) Three latent profiles of emotion regulation difficulties were identified: a low-difficulty group (56.02%), a medium-difficulty group (32.60%), and a high-difficulty group (11.38%). Adolescents in the high-difficulty group had the highest self-injury scores. (3) The logistic regression showed that adolescents in the high-risk group were more likely to belong to the high-difficulty group, followed by the medium- and low-difficulty groups. In summary, adolescents with high levels of cumulative family risk are also more likely to exhibit high levels of emotion regulation difficulties and self-injurious behavior.

Keywords: cumulative family risk; emotion regulation difficulties; non-suicidal self-injury; latent class analysis; latent profile analysis; adolescent

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, X.; Fan, H.; Xiong, R.; An, L.; Wang, Y.; Du, R.; Ding, X. Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040543

AMA Style

Liu X, Fan H, Xiong R, An L, Wang Y, Du R, Ding X. Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(4):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040543

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Xiaoxian, Hengyuan Fan, Ruijuan Xiong, Lei An, Yiming Wang, Ruojuan Du, and Xiaosheng Ding. 2025. "Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 4: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040543

APA Style

Liu, X., Fan, H., Xiong, R., An, L., Wang, Y., Du, R., & Ding, X. (2025). Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040543

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Relationships Between Cumulative Family Risk, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Person-Centered Analysis

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