Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles of German Adults with Dyslexia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment of Reading and Reading-Related Abilities
2.3. Cognitive and Language-Related Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Correlational Analyses
3.2. Group Comparisons
3.3. Best Predictors of Dyslexia
3.4. Cognitive–Linguistic Deficit Profiles in Dyslexia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CG | Control group |
PA | Phonological awareness |
RAN | Rapid automatized naming |
VSWM | Visuospatial working memory |
VWM | Verbal working memory |
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Concept/Skill | Specific Task | Assessment Tool |
---|---|---|
Word reading | Speeded word reading in 60 s | SLRT-II |
Nonword reading | Speeded nonword reading in 60 s | SLRT-II |
Text reading | Text reading and filling gaps within text (speed, comprehension, accuracy) | LGVT 5–12+ |
Spelling | Dictation | Rechtschreibungstest |
Phonological awareness (PA) | Initial phoneme substitution | Spoonerisms |
Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) | Rapid access to digits, colors, and letters | TEPHOBE |
Nonverbal intelligence | Continuation of series, classification, matrices, and topological conclusions | CFT 20-R |
Verbal working memory (VWM) | Digit span forward, backward, and nonword span | WAIS-IV, Mottier |
Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) | Corsi block span forward and backward | Corsi |
Variable | Mdncg (IQR) | Mdndys (IQR) | W-Value | p | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 29 (7) | 24 (8) | 722 | 0.023 + | 0.326 |
IQ | 106 (16.5) | 112 (18) | 408.5 | 0.236 | −0.175 |
Educational level | 4 (2.3) | 2 (1) | 490 | <0.001 *** | 0.690 |
Word reading | 122 (21) | 80 (23) | 1013.5 | <0.001 *** | 0.861 |
Nonword reading | 72 (30.3) | 44 (18) | 967.5 | <0.001 *** | 0.832 |
Spelling | 15 (10) | 38 (13) | 41 | <0.001 *** | −0.925 |
RAN colors | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 692 | 0.059 | 0.271 |
RAN digits | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.7) | 797.5 | 0.001 * | 0.465 |
RAN letters | 3.1 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 906 | <0.001 * | 0.664 |
Phoneme substitution (RT) | 1.6 (1.5) | 3.5 (2.0) | 147.5 | <0.001 * | −0.648 |
Phoneme substitution (PT) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.5 (2.6) | 217 | 0.002 * | −0.481 |
Text reading comprehension | 54 (11) | 46 (9) | 857 | <0.001 *** | 0.574 |
Text reading speed | 51 (10) | 40 (14) | 909 | <0.001 *** | 0.669 |
Text reading accuracy | 58 (21) | 56 (18) | 515.5 | 0.706 | −0.053 |
Digit span (f) | 9 (3) | 7 (2) | 683.5 | 0.006 + | 0.401 |
Digit span (b) | 9 (3.8) | 6 (3) | 779.5 | <0.001 *** | 0.575 |
Nonword span | 7 (2) | 6 (1) | 673.5 | 0.048 + | 0.276 |
Corsi span (f) | 10 (3) | 9 (3) | 608 | 0.064 | 0.271 |
Corsi span (b) | 9 (2) | 9 (2) | 493 | 0.840 | 0.030 |
Level of English | 2 (1) | 3 (1.3) | 146 | <0.001 *** | −0.664 |
Number of languages | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | 575 | 0.025 + | 0.325 |
Structure Matrix | |
---|---|
Spelling | −0.619 |
Word reading | 0.584 |
Nonword reading | 0.527 |
RAN letters | 0.328 |
Text reading speed | 0.304 |
Phonological awareness (PA) | −0.297 + |
Digit span backward | 0.250 |
Text comprehension | 0.243 |
Digit span forward | 0.225 |
RAN digits | 0.222 |
Phoneme substitution (PT) | −0.176 |
Nonword span | 0.151 |
Corsi span forward | 0.138 |
RAN colors | 0.135 |
Corsi span backward | 0.052 |
Text reading accuracy | −0.051 |
Cognitive-Linguistic Deficits | Sub-Total | Total | WR | NR | RC | RS | Spelling | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||||||
No Deficit | 4 | 12.1 | 92.0 | 55.0 | 51.3 | 46.3 | 36.5 | ||
Single | 10 | 30.3 | 81.8 | 44.4 | 44.3 | 38.3 | 36.2 | ||
PA | 1 | 3 | |||||||
RAN | 9 | 27.3 | |||||||
Double | 11 | 33.3 | 78.0 | 41.2 | 47.2 | 39.9 | 32.1 | ||
RAN + PA | 7 | 21.2 | |||||||
RAN + VWM | 2 | 6.1 | |||||||
RAN + VSWM | 2 | 6.1 | |||||||
Triple | 5 | 15.2 | 77.8 | 39.2 | 40.8 | 34.4 | 37.8 | ||
RAN + PA + VWM | 4 | 12.1 | |||||||
RAN + PA + VSWM | 1 | 3 | |||||||
Quadruple | 3 | 9.1 | 69.0 | 31.7 | 40.3 | 39.0 | 44.7 |
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Eckert, L.; Hartwigsen, G.; Turker, S. Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles of German Adults with Dyslexia. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040522
Eckert L, Hartwigsen G, Turker S. Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles of German Adults with Dyslexia. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(4):522. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040522
Chicago/Turabian StyleEckert, Linda, Gesa Hartwigsen, and Sabrina Turker. 2025. "Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles of German Adults with Dyslexia" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 4: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040522
APA StyleEckert, L., Hartwigsen, G., & Turker, S. (2025). Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles of German Adults with Dyslexia. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040522