Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescents: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
3. Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Dependent Variables of Depression
3.2.2. Physical Activity
3.2.3. Control Variables
3.3. Statistical Modeling
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Participants (n = 11,547) | Drinking | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classification | N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | ||
Exercise intensity | Non-intense | 119 (13.28) | 50 (16.56) | 69 (11.62) | 9.473 *** (0.009) |
A little intense | 460 (51.34) | 164 (54.3) | 296 (49.83) | ||
Intense | 317 (35.38) | 88 (29.14) | 229 (38.55) | ||
Gender | Female | 385 (42.97) | 131 (43.38) | 254 (42.97) | 0.031 (0.86) |
Male | 511 (57.03) | 171 (56.62) | 340 (57.24) | ||
Health status | Average or unhealthy | 21 (2.34) | 1 (0.33) | 20 (3.37) | 29.147 *** (0.000) |
Relatively healthy | 272 (30.36) | 74 (24.5) | 198 (33.33) | ||
Very healthy | 295 (32.92) | 91 (30.13) | 204 (34.34) | ||
Great healthy | 308 (34.38) | 136 (45.03) | 172 (28.96) | ||
Changes in health | No change | 469 (51.34) | 169 (55.96) | 300 (50.51) | 15.387 *** (0.000) |
Got better | 369 (41.18) | 127 (42.05) | 242 (40.74) | ||
Got worse | 58 (6.47) | 6 (1.99) | 52 (8.75) | ||
Education | Primary school | 248 (27.68) | 76 (25.17) | 172 (28.96) | 2.592 (0.459) |
Junior high school | 280 (31.25) | 103 (34.11) | 177 (29.8) | ||
High School | 241 (26.9) | 78 (25.83) | 163 (27.44) | ||
College | 127 (14.17) | 45 (14.9) | 82 (13.8) | ||
Type of residence | Rural | 468 (55.45) | 149 (52.65) | 319 (55.45) | 1.351 (0.245) |
Urban | 376 (44.55) | 134 (47.35) | 242 (43.14) | ||
Family type | non-MHNW families | 781 (87.17) | 255 (84.44) | 526 (88.55) | 3.031 * (0.082) |
MHNW families | 115 (12.83) | 47 (15.56) | 68 (11.45) | ||
City type | first-tier cities | 35 (3.91) | 18 (5.96) | 17 (2.86) | 5.14 (0.162) |
Second-tier cities | 56 (6.25) | 18 (5.96) | 38 (6.4) | ||
Third-tier cities | 30 (3.35) | 10 (3.31) | 20 (3.37) | ||
Others | 775 (86.5) | 256 (84.77) | 519 (87.37) | ||
Depression | Yes | 238 (26.56) | |||
No | 658 (73.44) |
Characteristics | Odds Ratio | Drink_Y_18 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of exercise | 0.892 ** | 0.799–0.995 | 0.04 |
Exercise duration | 0.997 * | 0.993–1.001 | 0.093 |
Exercise intensity (Re: non- intense) | |||
A little intense | 1.208 | 0.765–1.908 | 0.417 |
Intense | 1.723 ** | 1.059–2.804 | 0.028 |
Housework time | 1.187 ** | 1.018–1.385 | 0.029 |
Gender (Re: female) | |||
Male | 1.022 | 0.738–1.417 | 0.894 |
Happiness | 0.801 *** | 0.731–0.876 | 0.001 |
Age | 1.062 | 0.922–1.224 | 0.83 |
Health status (Re: average or unhealthy) | |||
Relatively healthy | 0.18 | 0.023–1.406 | 0.102 |
Very healthy | 0.175 * | 0.022–1.367 | 0.096 |
Great healthy | 0.114 ** | 0.015–0.886 | 0.038 |
Changes in health (Re: no change) | |||
Got better | 1.066 | 0.772–1.47 | 0.698 |
Got worse | 3.065 ** | 1.22–7.698 | 0.017 |
Education (Re: illiterate/semi-literate) | |||
Primary school | 0.538 ** | 0.308–0.942 | 0.03 |
Junior high school | 0.521 | 0.211–1.285 | 0.157 |
High School | 0.406 | 0.125–1.322 | 0.134 |
Type of residence (Re: rural) | |||
Urban | 0.923 | 0.654–1.304 | 0.651 |
Family type (Re: non-MHNW families) | |||
MHNW families | 0.805 | 0.501–1.295 | 0.372 |
City type (Re: first-tier cities) | |||
Second-tier cities | 2.206 * | 0.873–5.579 | 0.095 |
Third-tier cities | 2.074 | 0.716–6.007 | 0.179 |
Others | 1.812 | 0.842–3.901 | 0.129 |
Constant | 33.794 ** | 1.874–609.313 | 0.017 |
LR chi-squared | 95.974 (0.000) | ||
−2Log likelihood | 980.758 | ||
Cox and Snell R square | 0.107 | ||
MacFadden square | 0.089 | ||
Nagelkerke square | 0.183 |
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Gu, J. Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescents: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030071
Gu J. Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescents: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(3):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030071
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Jiafeng. 2022. "Physical Activity and Depression in Adolescents: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 3: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030071