Effect of Season on the Characteristics of Warmblood Stallion Spermatozoa Stored in a Liquid State at 5 °C
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Ejaculate Collections
2.2. Fresh Semen Processing Procedure
2.3. Analysis of Sperm Parameters After Cooling
2.3.1. Motility Evaluations
2.3.2. Spermatozoa with Normal Apical Ridge Acrosomes (NARs)
2.3.3. Plasma Membrane Integrity (PMI)
2.3.4. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP)
2.3.5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Season on the Parameters of Fresh Stallion Ejaculates
3.2. Effect of Season and Storage Time on the Parameters of Cooled Stallion Spermatozoa
3.3. Two-Way ANOVA Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Breeding Season (March–July) | Non-Breeding Season (September–December) |
---|---|---|
Vol (mL) | 74.7 ± 10.7 a | 66.1 ± 6.6 b |
Con (×106/mL) | 261.1 ± 37.5 a | 335.1 ± 87.2 b |
TP (mg/mL) | 22.4 ± 4.7 a | 25.7 ± 6.3 a |
MOT (%) | 75.0 ± 4.8 a | 70.8 ± 4.9 a |
Storage Time (h) | Breeding Season (March–July) | Non-Breeding Season (September–December) |
---|---|---|
TMOT (%) | ||
0 | 83.8 ± 2.9 a | 79.9 ± 2.2 a |
24 | 76.3 ± 5.4 ab | 74.6 ± 1.8 ab |
48 | 72.0 ± 5.9 b | 64.6 ± 3.5 b |
72 | 56.6 ± 6.3 bc | 55.3 ± 4.1 bc |
96 | 47.8 ± 4.2 c | 44.4 ± 4.4 c |
PMOT (%) | ||
0 | 43.1 ± 3.8 a x | 30.9 ± 2.8 a y |
24 | 39.4 ± 3.7 a x | 31.6 ± 2.6 a y |
48 | 30.1 ± 3.6 b | 24.4 ± 2.4 b |
72 | 19.0 ± 2.4 c | 17.5 ± 2.3 bc |
96 | 17.6 ± 2.3 c | 12.8 ± 1.8 c |
NAR (%) | ||
0 | 88.0 ± 0.9 a | 85.0 ± 2.0 a |
24 | 84.3 ± 1.6 b x | 79.5 ± 2.6 ab y |
48 | 82.5 ± 2.1 b | 79.4 ± 1.9 ab |
72 | 80.3 ± 1.9 bc | 75.7 ± 1.4 b |
96 | 70.0 ± 3.6 d | 70.3 ± 1.7 b |
PMI (%) | ||
0 | 89.6 ± 2.1 a x | 74.5 ± 1.2 a y |
24 | 79.1 ± 4.2 b x | 69.1 ± 2.3 ab y |
48 | 65.1 ± 2.2 c | 62.9 ± 2.7 b |
72 | 59.1 ± 4.1 bc | 58.4 ± 4.4 b |
96 | 53.2 ± 5.7 c | 48.3 ± 3.9 c |
MMP (%) | ||
0 | 87.5 ± 2.2 a x | 73.4 ± 1.8 a y |
24 | 76.4 ± 3.6 b y | 66.7 ± 2.2 a y |
48 | 63.1 ± 0.8 bc | 60.2 ± 2.4 b |
72 | 59.6 ± 3.8 c | 52.2 ± 4.4 bc |
96 | 55.9 ± 2.5 c | 50.1 ± 3.8 c |
ATP (nmol/108 sperm) | ||
0 | 2.9 ± 0.8 ab | 3.5 ± 0.6 ab |
24 | 3.3 ± 0.6 ab | 3.8 ± 0.5 a |
48 | 4.2 ± 0.9 a | 3.3 ± 0.4 ab |
72 | 4.5 ± 0.6 a | 3.2 ± 0.5 ab |
96 | 2.4 ± 0.4 b | 2.4 ± 0.3 b |
Sources of Variations | d.f. | TMOT | PMOT | PMI | NAR | MMP | ATP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | ||
Time | 4 | 10.671 | 0.001 | 16.802 | 0.001 | 7.894 | 0.001 | 2.648 | 0.035 | 13.084 | 0.001 | 7.600 | 0.001 |
Season | 1 | 1.823 | NS | 7.080 | 0.008 | 9.133 | 0.002 | 0.120 | NS | 10.033 | 0.001 | 3.090 | NS |
Time × season | 4 | 0.693 | NS | 2.280 | NS | 2.778 | 0.028 | 1.00 | NS | 1.621 | NS | 12.66 | NS |
Sources of Variations | d.f. | VAP | VSL | VCL | ALH | BCF | STR | LIN | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | F-Value | p-Value | ||
Time | 4 | 10.671 | 0.001 | 16.802 | 0.001 | 7.894 | 0.001 | 2.648 | 0.035 | 13.084 | 0.001 | 7.600 | 0.001 | 6.955 | 0.001 |
Season | 1 | 1.823 | NS | 7.080 | 0.008 | 0.068 | NS | 0.120 | NS | 10.033 | 0.001 | 3.090 | NS | 15.350 | 0.001 |
Time × season | 4 | 5.998 | 0.001 | 13.999 | 0.001 | 4.483 | 0.001 | 1.483 | NS | 6.713 | 0.001 | 1.030 | NS | 4.229 | 0.041 |
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Dziekońska, A.; Szczepańska, A.; Wysokińska, A. Effect of Season on the Characteristics of Warmblood Stallion Spermatozoa Stored in a Liquid State at 5 °C. Animals 2025, 15, 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071035
Dziekońska A, Szczepańska A, Wysokińska A. Effect of Season on the Characteristics of Warmblood Stallion Spermatozoa Stored in a Liquid State at 5 °C. Animals. 2025; 15(7):1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071035
Chicago/Turabian StyleDziekońska, Anna, Agata Szczepańska, and Anna Wysokińska. 2025. "Effect of Season on the Characteristics of Warmblood Stallion Spermatozoa Stored in a Liquid State at 5 °C" Animals 15, no. 7: 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071035
APA StyleDziekońska, A., Szczepańska, A., & Wysokińska, A. (2025). Effect of Season on the Characteristics of Warmblood Stallion Spermatozoa Stored in a Liquid State at 5 °C. Animals, 15(7), 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071035