Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Estrus Identification by Behavioral Observation
2.3. Estrus Identification by ELISA
2.4. Collection and Classification of Environmental Biomarkers Derived from Anogenital Gland Secretions (AGS)
2.5. LC-MS/MS
2.6. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Estrus-Associated Hormone Levels in the Urine of 19 Female Giant Pandas
3.2. Global Features of Metabolic Profiles of Two Groups Environmental Biomarkers from Female Giant Pandas
3.3. Differential Metabolites Screening Between the Pref and Npref Group
3.4. Pathway Enrichment Analysis of Differential Metabolites Between the Pref and Npref Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feng, Y.; Ke, J.; Huang, X.; Wang, M.; Li, M.; Lan, J.; Wu, K.; Wang, L. Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas. Animals 2025, 15, 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192873
Feng Y, Ke J, Huang X, Wang M, Li M, Lan J, Wu K, Wang L. Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas. Animals. 2025; 15(19):2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192873
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Yongyou, Jing Ke, Xiangming Huang, Maohua Wang, Mingxi Li, Jingchao Lan, Kongju Wu, and Linjie Wang. 2025. "Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas" Animals 15, no. 19: 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192873
APA StyleFeng, Y., Ke, J., Huang, X., Wang, M., Li, M., Lan, J., Wu, K., & Wang, L. (2025). Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas. Animals, 15(19), 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192873