Effects of Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Short-Term Health and Behaviour on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Calf Nutrition
2.3. Performance and Health
2.4. Novel Object Approach
2.5. Calf Activity
2.6. Calf Behaviour
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mortality
3.2. Birthweight
3.3. Weight Gain
3.4. Passive Transfer and Disease Occurrence
3.5. Activity
3.6. Behaviour
4. Discussion
4.1. Mortality
4.2. Birthweight and Weight Gain
4.3. Passive Transfer and Disease Occurrence
4.4. Activity
4.5. Behaviour
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behaviour | Description |
---|---|
NNOB in paired calf on ventral region | The focal calf’s head is under the belly/ventral aspect of another calf and it is sucking, licking or chewing on the mammary or umbilical area of the receiving calf [42]. |
NNOB in paired calf on body part other than in the ventral region | The focal calf is sucking, licking or chewing on the skin of body parts other than the mammary or umbilical area of the receiving calf [42,43]. |
NNOB on inanimate object | Focal calf is sucking, licking or chewing on the walls of the pen [43,44]. |
Calf with head out of the front of the pen | Focal calf has its head (defined as the level of both eyes) through a gap in the front of the pen. The calf could be drinking, eating concentrates or observing outside of the pen. |
Self-grooming | Focal calf is grooming, licking or scratching its own body whilst in the standing position [21,44]. |
Lying proximity of pair calves | Both calves in a pair are lying (body contact with the ground [45]). Proximity defined as touching, <1 calf length apart, 1–2 calf lengths apart. |
Causes of Mortality | Individual (%) | Pair (%) |
---|---|---|
Joint ill | 1/171 (0.6) | 1/286 (0.3) |
Broken leg | 1/171 (0.6) | 0/286 (0.0) |
Dislocated hip | 1/171 (0.6) | 2/286 (0.7) |
Unknown cause | 4/171 (2.3) | 3/286 (1.0) |
Overall | 7/171 (4.1) | 6/286 (2.1) |
Disease Prevalence | Individual (%) | Pair (%) |
---|---|---|
BRD 1 | 44/164 (26.8) | 57/280 (20.4) |
Diarrhoea | 22/164 (13.4) | 26/280 (9.3) |
Navel ill | 2/164 (1.2) | 2/280 (0.7) |
Joint ill | 0/164 (0) | 1/280 (0.4) |
Overall | 68/164 (41.5) | 86/280 (30.7) |
Behaviour | Individually Housed Calf (min) | Pair-Housed Calf (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 Week Old | 5 Weeks Old | 1 Week Old | 5 Weeks Old | |
Calf with head out of the front of the pen | 44 ± 26 | 63 ± 15 | 24 ± 14 | 41 ± 13 |
Self-grooming | 28 ± 17 | 38 ± 15 | 11 ± 8 | 26 ± 11 |
Total NNOB | 31 ± 13 | 48 ± 12 | 34 ± 23 | 51 ± 17 |
NNOB on inanimate object | 31 ± 13 | 48 ± 12 | 14 ± 11 | 29 ± 14 |
NNOB on paired calf on ventral region | NA | NA | 9 ± 9 | 8 ± 5 |
NNOB on paired calf on body part other than in the ventral region | NA | NA | 11 ± 15 | 13 ± 8 |
Lying Position | Pair-Housed Calf (min) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
1 Week Old | 5 Weeks Old | ||
Touching | 3 ± 1 | 8 ± 3 | 0.001 |
<1 calf length apart | 17 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 0.92 |
1–2 calf lengths apart | 11 ± 4 | 9 ± 5 | 0.32 |
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Mahendran, S.A.; Wathes, D.C.; Booth, R.E.; Baker, N.; Blackie, N. Effects of Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Short-Term Health and Behaviour on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals 2023, 13, 2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132140
Mahendran SA, Wathes DC, Booth RE, Baker N, Blackie N. Effects of Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Short-Term Health and Behaviour on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals. 2023; 13(13):2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132140
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahendran, Sophie A., D. Claire Wathes, Richard E. Booth, Neil Baker, and Nicola Blackie. 2023. "Effects of Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Short-Term Health and Behaviour on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm" Animals 13, no. 13: 2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132140