Antinociceptive, Sedative and Excitatory Effects of Intravenous Butorphanol Administered Alone or in Combination with Detomidine in Calves: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Cross-Over Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Study Design and Set-Up
2.3. Sample Size Calculation
2.4. Treatments
2.5. Data Collection
2.5.1. TCRt Measurement
2.5.2. Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate
2.5.3. Sedation and Excitation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. TCRt Measurement
3.2. Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate
3.3. Sedation and Excitation
4. Discussion
4.1. Analgesia
4.2. Techniques to Assess Nociception
4.3. Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate
4.4. Sedation and Excitation
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Median (IQR) TCRt (mA) | Percentage (%) Change Respect to Baseline | Calves with Change of ≥20% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DB | SB | p Value § | DB | SB | p Value § | DB | SB | |
BL | 10.5 (7.2–14.6) | 12.4 (11.4–14.7) | 0.23 | |||||
T1 | 34 (25.3–41.3) | 14.2 (11.7–15.1) | <0.01 | 239% | 22% | <0.01 | 8 (100%) | 4 (50%) |
T2 | 32.6 (12.6–37.5) | 23.5 (16.1–23.9) | 0.01 | 187% | 48% | <0.01 | 8 (100%) | 7 (88%) |
T3 | 29.5 (22.8–36.9) | 17.8 (15.3–28.2) | 0.064 | 202% | 47% | <0.01 | 8 (100%) | 7 (88%) |
T4 | 30.9 (21.3–37.6) | 18.3 (12.8–26.5) | 0.049 | 186% | 51% | 0.01 | 8 (100%) | 6 (75%) |
p value * | <0.01 ** | <0.01 *** |
Median (IQR) HR and RR (Beats and Breaths per Minute) | Percentage (%) Change Respect to Baseline | Calves with Change of ≥20% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DB | SB | p Value § | DB | SB | p Value § | DB | SB | |
HR BL | 119 (114–136) | 124 (108–143) | 0.5 | |||||
HR T1 | 96 (92–100) | 152 (112–154) | <0.01 | −23% | 6% | <0.01 | 7 (88%) | 2 (25%) |
HR T2 | 102 (101–112) | 140 (118–156) | <0.01 | −14% | 17% | <0.01 | 1 (13%) | 4 (50%) |
HR T3 | 112 (103–117) | 142 (108–162) | 0.04 | −10% | 13% | <0.01 | 1 (13%) | 3 (38%) |
HR T4 | 111 (104–122) | 142 (102–147) | 0.07 | −9% | 6% | 0.01 | 1 (13%) | 2 (25%) |
p value * | <0.01 ** | 0.02 *** | ||||||
RR BL | 36 (34–36) | 37 (30–44) | 0.46 | |||||
RR T1 | 29 (24–44) | 48 (32–54) | 0.082 | −19% | 16% | 0.1 | 6 (75%) | 4 (50%) |
RR T2 | 38 (32–40) | 42 (42–44) | 0.04 | 1% | 10% | 0.2 | 4 (50%) | 3 (38%) |
RR T3 | 40 (32–54) | 45 (42–48) | 0.34 | 2% | 14% | 0.6 | 4 (50%) | 4 (50%) |
RR T4 | 44 (32–60) | 40 (36–44) | 0.46 | −1% | 10% | 0.5 | 4 (50%) | 4 (50%) |
p Value * | 0.76 | 0.24 |
Median (IQR) Sedation and Excitation Scores | |||
---|---|---|---|
DB | SB | p Value § | |
Sedation BL | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1 |
Sedation T1 | 2 (1–3) | 0 (0–0) | <0.01 |
Sedation T2 | 2 (1–2) | 0 (0–0) | <0.01 |
Sedation T3 | 2 (1–2) | 0 (0–0) | <0.01 |
Sedation T4 | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.03 |
p value * | <0.01 ** | 0.95 | |
Excitation BL | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.63 |
Excitation T1 | 0 (0–0) | 2 (1–2) | <0.01 |
Excitation T2 | 0 (0–1) | 2 (1–2) | <0.01 |
Excitation T3 | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0.1 |
Excitation T4 | 0 (0–0) | 1 (1–1) | <0.01 |
p value * | 0.95 | <0.01 *** |
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Maidanskaia, E.G.; Mirra, A.; Marchionatti, E.; Levionnois, O.L.; Spadavecchia, C. Antinociceptive, Sedative and Excitatory Effects of Intravenous Butorphanol Administered Alone or in Combination with Detomidine in Calves: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Cross-Over Study. Animals 2023, 13, 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121943
Maidanskaia EG, Mirra A, Marchionatti E, Levionnois OL, Spadavecchia C. Antinociceptive, Sedative and Excitatory Effects of Intravenous Butorphanol Administered Alone or in Combination with Detomidine in Calves: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Cross-Over Study. Animals. 2023; 13(12):1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121943
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaidanskaia, Ekaterina Gámez, Alessandro Mirra, Emma Marchionatti, Olivier Louis Levionnois, and Claudia Spadavecchia. 2023. "Antinociceptive, Sedative and Excitatory Effects of Intravenous Butorphanol Administered Alone or in Combination with Detomidine in Calves: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Cross-Over Study" Animals 13, no. 12: 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121943
APA StyleMaidanskaia, E. G., Mirra, A., Marchionatti, E., Levionnois, O. L., & Spadavecchia, C. (2023). Antinociceptive, Sedative and Excitatory Effects of Intravenous Butorphanol Administered Alone or in Combination with Detomidine in Calves: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Cross-Over Study. Animals, 13(12), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121943