Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Surgery and Anesthesia
2.3. Filming
2.4. Ethogram and Selection of Behaviors
2.5. Creation of the Pain Scale (UGAPS)
2.6. Assessment of the Pain Scale (UGAPS)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Surgery and Anesthesia
3.2. Evaluation of the Videos
3.3. Refinement of the UGAPS
3.4. Pattern of Behavioral Occurrence over the Periods of the Day
3.5. Frequency of Occurrence
3.6. Intraobserver Reliability
3.7. Interobserver Reliability
3.8. Multiple Association and Dimensional Structure
3.9. Internal Consistency and Item-Total Correlation
3.10. Specificity and Sensitivity
3.11. Criterion Validity
3.12. Weightings
3.13. Responsiveness
3.14. ROC Curve, Cut-Off Point, and Diagnostic Uncertainty Zone
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Ethogram of Goats Submitted to Orchiectomy
No. | Behavior | Definition |
1 | Walks or runs | Explores the pen by walking or running. |
2 | Lying down motionless | Lying down with abdomen and chest in contact with the floor, with limbs tucked under the body. |
3 | Standing still | In a quadrupedal position, without moving and with the limbs in contact with the ground, normally oblivious to the environment. |
4 | Bipedal position | Supports the body on the pelvic limbs while the forelimbs are supported on the pen (climbing). |
5 | Normal position | In quadrupedal posture, with the limbs in contact with the ground. Attentive to the environment. |
6 | Jumps | Jumps around the bay. |
7 | Interacts with the bay | Interacts with the stall by nibbling or smelling. |
8 | Eats | Ingests food from the trough. |
9 | Interacts with trough | Interacts with the trough inside the stall (bites, digs, pulls, and/or pushes). |
10 | Headbutts | Pushes or hits another goat with its head. |
11 | Interacts by smelling | Smells another goat’s anus, penis, muzzle, or any other body part. |
12 | Wags the tail | Wags tail slowly or quickly, with hind limbs on the ground. |
13 | Arches back | Contracts the lumbar region dorsally. |
14 | Tremors | Presents tremors of the head, ear, and trunk. |
15 | Looks at and/or licks the wound | Moves the head towards the flank looking back or licks the inguinal region (wound). |
16 | Difficulty or attempts to get up | Tries to get up but stays lying down. |
17 | Difficulty or attempts to lie down | Attempts to lie down, lies down with difficulty, or remains standing up. |
18 | Stamps pelvic limb (may wag tail) | Wags tail quickly and vigorously while stamping a hind limb on the ground. |
19 | Stretches pelvic and/or thoracic limb | Stretches the thoracic and/or pelvic limb while lying down. |
20 | Rests head on the ground | Lying down with the muzzle resting on the floor of the stall. |
21 | Unstable posture | Loses balance or wobbles in quadrupedal position. |
22 | Interacts with tire | Interacts with enrichment (tire). |
23 | Digs | Digs the stall floor with forelimbs. |
24 | Drinks water | Drinks water from the troughs. |
25 | Self-cleaning | Scratches itself with pelvic limbs or nibbles. |
26 | Ruminates | Ruminates in quadrupedal or lying position. |
27 | Sneezes/coughs | Sneezes. |
28 | Yawns | Opens its mouth. |
29 | Urinates | Opens pelvic limbs and urinates. |
30 | Defecates | Defecates with the tail upright. |
31 | Looks out from the bay | Keeps the eyes out of the window, attentive to the external environment. |
32 | Licks/sniffs penis | Licks or sniffs own penis. |
33 | Stumbles | Animal stumbles on the floor of the stall, trough, or tire. |
34 | Vocalizes | Calls out with an open mouth. |
35 | Settles down | Lies down with difficulty finding a position. |
36 | Stretches out | Stretches the limbs and body. |
37 | Flehmen | Performs the Flehmen response by contracting the upper lip. |
38 | Mounts | Mounts another goat. |
39 | Attentive to the observer | Looks at or interacts with the observer. |
40 | Ejaculates | Expels penile secretion in repetitive movements, after mounting |
Behaviors in bold and highlighted were approved for the final UGAPS scale. |
Appendix B. Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale (UGAPS), Pre-Refinement, Used for Analysis by the Evaluators
(1) Posture | (select more than one option if applicable) | |
(a) Normal, jumps, or bipedal position | 0 | |
(b) Unstable (loses balance or wobbles in quadrupedal position) | 1 | |
(c) Difficulty or attempts to get up | 1 | |
(d) Difficulty or attempts to lie down | 1 | |
(e) When lying down, constantly changes position | 1 | |
(f) None of the above | 0 | |
(2) Locomotion | (select more than one option if applicable) | |
(a) Walks or runs | 0 | |
(b) Lying down motionless | 1 | |
(c) Standing still | 1 | |
(3) Appetite | ||
Present | 0 | |
Absent | 1 | |
(4) Attitudes | ||
(a) Digs | 0 | |
(b) Vocalizes | 0 | |
(c) Practices grooming (self-cleaning, except in the affected region) with mouth/pelvic limbs | 0 | |
(d) Tremors | 1 | |
(e) None of the above | 1 | |
(5) Interaction with the environment | ||
Interacts (comes into contact with the environment or smells or nibbles or plays) with the environment (tire, trough, pen) | 0 | |
Does not smell or interact with the environment | 1 | |
(6) Interaction with another goat | ||
(a) Interacts by smelling | 0 | |
(b) Interacts by headbutting | 0 | |
(c) Interacts by mounting | 0 | |
(d) Does not interact | 1 | |
(7) Pays attention to affected area | (select more than one option if applicable) | |
(a) Looks at or licks | 1 | |
(b) When in recumbency stretches the pelvic limbs | 1 | |
(c) Stamps pelvic limb on the ground (may wag tail) | 1 | |
(d) Arches back | 1 | |
(e) None of the above | 0 |
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Items | Subitems | Score | Link to Videos |
---|---|---|---|
Posture | It is not normal or does not jump or it is not in a bipedal position * | 1 | https://youtu.be/xhkj61w4DwA |
Unstable | 1 | https://youtu.be/1g02gI1vDo8 | |
Difficulty or attempting to lie down | 1 | https://youtu.be/9eQcGNhWGVw | |
Locomotion | Does not walk or run | 1 | https://youtu.be/oTSmHRysMlk |
Lying down motionless | 1 | https://youtu.be/PZV21z4MN4g | |
Standing still | 1 | https://youtu.be/WpRUi1Zk2wg | |
Attitude | Does not vocalize | 1 | https://youtu.be/PwUdpmtI3jc |
Interaction | Does not interact with another goat (by smelling) or with the environment | 1 | https://youtu.be/We3DBUdlKVQ |
Attention to affected area | Looks at or licks | 1 | https://youtu.be/r9-7XLo_fcc |
Stamps pelvic limb | 1 | https://youtu.be/DNPSw_mbV24 | |
TOTAL score | 10 |
Item | Internal Consistency | Item-Total Correlation (Polychoric) | |
---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s Alpha (α) | McDonald’s Omega (ω) | ||
0.60 | 0.67 | ||
Excluding Each Item Below: | |||
Posture: it is not normal or does not jump or it is not in a bipedal position | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.68 |
Posture: unstable | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.32 |
Posture: difficulty lying down | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.49 |
Locomotion: does not walk or run | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.67 |
Locomotion: lying down motionless | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.44 |
Locomotion: standing still | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.36 |
Attitude: does not vocalize | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.35 |
Interaction: does not interact | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.53 |
Attention to affected area: looks at or licks | 0.63 | 0.69 | −0.04 |
Attention to affected area: stamps pelvic limb | 0.64 | 0.69 | −0.12 |
Item | Specificity (%) | Sensitivity (%) |
---|---|---|
Posture: it is not normal or does not jump or it is not in a bipedal position | 99 (96–100) | 78 (72–83) |
Posture: unstable | 98 (87–100) | 55 (50–61) |
Posture: difficulty lying down | 100 (87–100) | 53 (48–59) |
Locomotion: does not walk or run | 99 (96–100) | 76 (70–81) |
Locomotion: lying down motionless | 99 (95–100) | 71 (66–76) |
Locomotion: standing still | 96 (88–99) | 60 (54–65) |
Attitude: does not vocalize | 62 (56–68) | 78 (69–84) |
Interaction: does not interact | 86 (81–91) | 82 (77–87) |
Attention to affected area: looks at or licks | 81 (54–96) | 51 (46–56) |
Attention to affected area: stamps pelvic limb | 70 (35–93) | 50 (45–56) |
UGAPS total score | 99 (96–100) | 90 (86–94) |
Indication of analgesia | 100 (98–100) | 93 (89–96) |
ITEMS | Baseline M1 | Pain M2 | Analgesia M3 | 24 h after M4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Posture: it is not normal or does not jump or it is not in a bipedal position * | 0 (0–0) d | 1 (0–1) a | 0 (0–1) b | 0 (0–0) c |
Posture: unstable | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0) b | 0 (0–1) a | 0 (0–0) b |
Posture: difficulty lying down | 0 (0–0) d | 0 (0–0) a | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0) b |
Locomotion: does not walk or run * | 0 (0–0) c | 1 (0–1) a | 1 (0–1) a | 0 (0–0) b |
Locomotion: lying down motionless | 0 (0–0) c | 1 (0–1) a | 0 (0–0) b | 0 (0–0) b |
Locomotion: standing still | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–1) b | 1 (0–1) a | 0 (0–1) b |
Attitude: does not vocalize * | 1 (0–1) d | 1 (1–1) b | 1 (1–1) a | 1 (0–1) c |
Interaction: does not interact * | 0 (0–0) d | 1 (1–1) a | 1 (0–1) b | 0 (0–1) c |
Attention to affected area: looks at or licks | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0) bc | 0 (0–0) b | 0 (0–1) a |
Attention to affected area: stamps pelvic limb | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0) b | 0 (0–1) a |
Rescue analgesia | 0 (0–0) d | 1 (1–1) a | 1 (1–1) b | 0 (0–1) c |
VAS (cm) | 0.42 ± 0.05 d | 6.73 ± 0.15 a | 5.54 ± 0.17 b | 3.44 ± 0.18 c |
Total UGAPS score (mean ± SD) | 0.73 ± 0.69 d | 4.46 ± 1.3 a | 4.09 ± 1.38 b | 2.88 ± 1.51 c |
Total UGAPS score (median (min-max)) | 1 (0–3) d | 5 (0–7) a | 4 (1–7) b | 3 (0–7) c |
Parameters | UGAPS (Total Sum) | UGAPS (Excluding Vocalizes) | UGAPS (Excluding Walks/Runs) | UGAPS (Excluding Vocalizes and Walks/Runs) | VAS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optimal cut-off | 2.5 (2.5–3.5) | 2.5 (1.5–2.5) | 2.5 (2.5–2.5) | 1.5 (1.5–1.5) | 3.35 (3.2–3.75) |
Specificity | 86 (83–95) | 93 (85–96) | 88 (84–90) | 84 (80–88) | 96 (94–99) |
Sensitivity | 94 (84–96) | 87 (84–94) | 90 (87–93) | 93 (91–96) | 98 (95–100) |
AUC | 95 (94–97) | 95 (94–97) | 94 (93–94) | 94 (93–96) | 91 (98–100) |
UGAPS AUC vs. AUC without the behaviors and VAS | 0.9809 | 0.0028 | 0.0285 | 5.922−08 |
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Fonseca, M.W.; Trindade, P.H.E.; Pinho, R.H.; Justo, A.A.; Tomacheuski, R.M.; Silva, N.E.d.O.F.d.; Gonçalves, H.C.; Luna, S.P.L. Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale. Animals 2023, 13, 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132136
Fonseca MW, Trindade PHE, Pinho RH, Justo AA, Tomacheuski RM, Silva NEdOFd, Gonçalves HC, Luna SPL. Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale. Animals. 2023; 13(13):2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132136
Chicago/Turabian StyleFonseca, Mariana Werneck, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade, Renata Haddad Pinho, André Augusto Justo, Rubia Mitalli Tomacheuski, Nuno Emanuel de Oliveira Figueiredo da Silva, Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves, and Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna. 2023. "Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale" Animals 13, no. 13: 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132136
APA StyleFonseca, M. W., Trindade, P. H. E., Pinho, R. H., Justo, A. A., Tomacheuski, R. M., Silva, N. E. d. O. F. d., Gonçalves, H. C., & Luna, S. P. L. (2023). Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale. Animals, 13(13), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132136