Toward Precision Feeding Regarding Minerals: What Is the Current Practice in Commercial Dairy Herds in Québec, Canada?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Herds and Management
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Analyses
2.4. Calculations
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics between Feeding Systems
3.2. Mineral from Feed Ingredient Categories
3.3. Recommendations According to DIM
3.4. Phosphorus
3.5. Trace Minerals
3.6. Study Limitations
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Total Mixed Ration | Automatic Component Feeding | Manual Component Feeding | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (SD) | Centile 1 | Centile 99 | Average (SD) | Centile 1 | Centile 99 | Average (SD) | Centile 1 | Centile 99 | |
Cows per herd | 56.7 (19.2) | 23 | 110 | 40.6 (12.1) | 23 | 80 | 32.1 (19.7) | 17 | 109 |
Cow characteristics | |||||||||
Days in milk | 186 (117) | 8 | 513 | 178 (113) | 7 | 489 | 174 (110) | 9 | 454 |
Parity | 2.4 (1.5) | 1 | 7 | 2.5 (1.6) | 1 | 7 | 2.6 (1.6) | 1 | 7 |
Estimated body weight (kg) | 683 (60) | 542 | 829 | 673 (56) | 548 | 803 | 676 (58) | 553 | 820 |
Milk yield (kg/day) | 32.4 (9.7) | 10.2 | 56.4 | 31.6 (9.5) | 10.2 | 53.4 | 29.8 (8.6) | 10.6 | 51.9 |
Milk fat (%) | 4.15 (0.63) | 2.84 | 6.02 | 4.12 (0.61) | 2.88 | 5.86 | 4.09 (0.58) | 2.83 | 5.59 |
Milk protein (%) | 3.37 (0.37) | 2.64 | 4.36 | 3.33 (0.35) | 2.63 | 4.30 | 3.35 (0.36) | 2.64 | 4.25 |
Milk lactose (%) | 4.57 (0.19) | 3.97 | 4.95 | 4.57 (0.19) | 3.96 | 4.94 | 4.56 (0.19) | 4.00 | 4.92 |
Predicted DMI 1 (kg) | 23.7 (3.5) | 13.6 | 32.0 | 23.1 (3.4) | 14.0 | 30.7 | 22.5 (3.1) | 14.3 | 29.5 |
Diet characteristics | |||||||||
Ingredients (% of DM) | |||||||||
Forage 2 | 65.2 (9.3) | 47.4 | 84.9 | 68.0 (7.8) | 54.1 | 91.1 | 70.6 (9.5) | 47.1 | 89.0 |
Corn grain | 17.7 (9.1) | 0.0 | 40.9 | 11.2 (9.8) | 0.0 | 33.0 | 9.1 (12.7) | 0.0 | 40.2 |
Other cereals 3 | 1.0 (2.8) | 0.0 | 12.5 | 5.6 (9.1) | 0.0 | 33.6 | 2.6 (6.7) | 0.0 | 28.1 |
Energy commercial supplement 4 | 2.6 (6.1) | 0.0 | 34.1 | 7.5 (12.7) | 0.0 | 40.5 | 12.6 (11.4) | 0.0 | 35.2 |
Fat supplement | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Soy products | 4.8 (4.8) | 0.0 | 14.7 | 1.4 (2.7) | 0.0 | 11.5 | 0.6 (1.8) | 0.0 | 8.5 |
Protein commercial supplement 5 | 5.2 (4.6) | 0.0 | 20.1 | 5.2 (6.6) | 0.0 | 28.2 | 3.7 (6.5) | 0.0 | 31.0 |
Minerals and vitamins 6 | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.7 (0.7) | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.0 | 3.4 |
Total concentrate | 34.8 (9.3) | 15.1 | 52.6 | 31.9 (7.8) | 8.9 | 46.0 | 29.5 (9.5) | 11.0 | 52.9 |
Nutrient composition (% of DM, unless otherwise specified) | |||||||||
Crude protein | 15.2 (1.1) | 13.0 | 19.1 | 15.6 (1.6) | 12.3 | 21.2 | 14.2 (1.8) | 11.6 | 19.2 |
Net energy of lactation (Mcal/kg of DM) | 1.55 (0.05) | 1.42 | 1.65 | 1.59 (0.06) | 1.44 | 1.72 | 1.53 (0.09) | 1.31 | 1.72 |
Starch | 19.4 (6.0) | 1.1 | 27.9 | 17.1 (5.2) | 5.6 | 31.9 | 16.0 (5.6) | 5.2 | 28.2 |
Acid detergent fiber | 21.0 (3.1) | 15.3 | 29.2 | 21.9 (2.9) | 15.2 | 30.0 | 24.0 (3.8) | 14.7 | 30.7 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 36.2 (5.3) | 25.5 | 49.1 | 37.2 (4.7) | 27.8 | 49.6 | 40.9 (4.7) | 29.1 | 52.3 |
Lignin | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.8 | 5.6 | 3.7 (1.1) | 1.5 | 6.5 | 3.8 (1.0) | 1.8 | 5.7 |
Non-fiber carbohydrate | 42.4 (4.7) | 29.1 | 50.4 | 40.0 (4.1) | 28.1 | 48.6 | 38.4 (4.5) | 28.3 | 48.5 |
Fat | 3.2 (0.7) | 2.3 | 5.0 | 3.3 (0.7) | 2.1 | 5.6 | 2.9 (0.7) | 1.5 | 4.5 |
Ash | 7.0 (0.9) | 5.4 | 10.2 | 7.8 (1.4) | 4.9 | 12.2 | 7.7 (1.1) | 6.2 | 10.1 |
Ca | 0.78 (0.18) | 0.38 | 1.23 | 0.90 (0.24) | 0.51 | 2.03 | 0.79 (0.19) | 0.50 | 1.19 |
P | 0.37 (0.05) | 0.23 | 0.48 | 0.39 (0.06) | 0.27 | 0.60 | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.26 | 0.51 |
K | 1.56 (0.38) | 0.75 | 2.92 | 1.69 (0.32) | 1.00 | 2.49 | 1.82 (0.32) | 1.04 | 2.62 |
Mg | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.21 | 0.39 |
S | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.21 (0.03) | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.13 | 0.33 |
Co (mg/kg of DM) | 0.60 (0.24) | 0.30 | 1.50 | 0.60 (0.26) | 0.13 | 1.24 | 0.66 (0.30) | 0.29 | 1.57 |
Cu (mg/kg of DM) | 17 (5) | 10 | 34 | 18 (6) | 9 | 44 | 16 (7) | 7 | 32 |
Fe (mg/kg of DM) | 248 (77) | 81 | 407 | 228 (95) | 96 | 525 | 162 (54) | 95 | 296 |
Mn (mg/kg of DM) | 65 (18) | 27 | 123 | 77 (32) | 33 | 191 | 62 (27) | 31 | 136 |
Zn (mg/kg of DM) | 76 (21) | 33 | 144 | 88 (46) | 40 | 353 | 72 (34) | 26 | 149 |
Item | Median | Centile 1 | Centile 25 | Centile 75 | Centile 99 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forage 2 | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.40 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 1.36 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 8.9 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 18.7 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 131 | 48 | 87 | 215 | 630 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 33 | 13 | 24 | 48 | 109 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 28 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 62 |
Corn grain | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.44 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.83 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 15.7 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 31 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 148 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 5 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 61 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 21 | 6 | 19 | 25 | 62 |
Other cereals 3 | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.51 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 0.63 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 6.7 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 15.7 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 60 | 34 | 50 | 82 | 164 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 18 | 6 | 15 | 35 | 61 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 40 | 23 | 36 | 49 | 62 |
Energy commercial supplement 4 | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 1.19 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 1.79 | 4.98 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 32.0 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 51.9 | 118.0 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 290 | 139 | 203 | 611 | 641 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 132 | 12 | 66 | 237 | 562 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 173 | 23 | 56 | 279 | 526 |
Soy products 5 | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.74 | 0.51 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.80 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.52 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 14.0 | 8.5 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 18.6 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 128 | 90 | 128 | 128 | 154 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 36 | 22 | 36 | 36 | 36 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 53 | 48 | 53 | 53 | 66 |
Protein commercial supplement 6 | |||||
P (% DM) | 0.86 | 0.36 | 0.76 | 1.22 | 1.81 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 2.26 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 2.70 | 5.69 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 74.3 | 9.5 | 48.8 | 94.8 | 163.8 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 442 | 129 | 310 | 622 | 1177 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 288 | 27 | 170 | 326 | 686 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 355 | 43 | 262 | 466 | 1341 |
Minerals and vitamins 7 | |||||
P (% DM) | 4.43 | 0.00 | 3.51 | 7.11 | 18.70 |
Co (mg/kg DM) | 13.00 | 0.30 | 11.00 | 16.50 | 29.00 |
Cu (mg/kg DM) | 567.3 | 0.0 | 505.0 | 709.2 | 1280.5 |
Fe (mg/kg DM) | 3087 | 21 | 2772 | 4690 | 12031 |
Mn (mg/kg DM) | 2002 | 37 | 1882 | 2489 | 5215 |
Zn (mg/kg DM) | 2797 | 62 | 2537 | 3189 | 14531 |
Item (%) | Median | Centile 1 | Centile 25 | Centile 75 | Centile 99 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forage 2 | |||||
P | 55.2 | 32.7 | 47.5 | 63.7 | 93.0 |
Co | 196.2 | 0.0 | 127.3 | 288.0 | 948.2 |
Cu | 53.7 | 31.4 | 46.2 | 63.4 | 97.8 |
Fe | 775.7 | 219.1 | 550.3 | 1135.5 | 3484.2 |
Mn | 181.2 | 73.4 | 130.1 | 259.5 | 469.2 |
Zn | 43.7 | 22.8 | 36.4 | 53.1 | 95.5 |
Corn grain | |||||
P | 14.1 | 2.9 | 9.2 | 19.5 | 37.4 |
Co | 22.5 | 0.0 | 7.8 | 44.6 | 139.1 |
Cu | 3.4 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 5.3 | 22.2 |
Fe | 33.3 | 5.1 | 21.4 | 58.4 | 221.0 |
Mn | 6.2 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 9.6 | 64.1 |
Zn | 7.7 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 10.7 | 23.4 |
Other cereals 3 | |||||
P | 17.3 | 2.9 | 10.8 | 24.4 | 38.8 |
Co | 39.0 | 0.0 | 17.1 | 54.9 | 149.8 |
Cu | 8.2 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 11.9 | 26.0 |
Fe | 67.3 | 10.5 | 39.1 | 96.4 | 259.8 |
Mn | 20.4 | 3.9 | 13.8 | 31.1 | 63.0 |
Zn | 12.7 | 2.4 | 8.7 | 19.0 | 31.7 |
Commercial energy supplement 4 | |||||
P | 36.1 | 3.6 | 16.2 | 56.6 | 89.8 |
Co | 170.4 | 4.9 | 96.9 | 373.6 | 822.1 |
Cu | 55.5 | 2.0 | 18.8 | 96.1 | 240.4 |
Fe | 377.9 | 31.0 | 194.4 | 516.0 | 983.8 |
Mn | 193.8 | 9.2 | 46.9 | 307.8 | 1030.8 |
Zn | 72.4 | 2.9 | 13.3 | 123.5 | 246.7 |
Soy products 5 | |||||
P | 10.9 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 14.7 | 27.0 |
Co | 13.4 | 1.6 | 10.4 | 21.1 | 37.8 |
Cu | 6.7 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 9.4 | 17.2 |
Fe | 46.8 | 8.2 | 31.3 | 63.5 | 123.5 |
Mn | 13.0 | 1.2 | 9.2 | 18.2 | 36.2 |
Zn | 6.2 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 15.7 |
Commercial protein supplement 6 | |||||
P | 19.9 | 2.3 | 11.2 | 30.8 | 117.7 |
Co | 137.6 | 0.0 | 79.8 | 212.0 | 571.8 |
Cu | 46.3 | 3.3 | 27.0 | 75.6 | 368.7 |
Fe | 262.9 | 21.5 | 158.0 | 356.5 | 2120.5 |
Mn | 135.0 | 8.8 | 82.9 | 227.7 | 1344.6 |
Zn | 57.3 | 3.4 | 33.4 | 92.8 | 773.4 |
Minerals and vitamins 7 | |||||
P | 10.8 | 0.9 | 5.5 | 18.4 | 47.9 |
Co | 98.8 | 6.0 | 50.8 | 180.7 | 382.7 |
Cu | 43.5 | 1.6 | 22.7 | 81.9 | 182.0 |
Fe | 204.2 | 11.5 | 113.9 | 389.5 | 1180.1 |
Mn | 120.8 | 5.3 | 67.5 | 233.4 | 601.2 |
Zn | 49.8 | 1.6 | 24.8 | 94.5 | 242.9 |
Items | Days in Milk Category | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤21 | Between 22 and 80 | Between 81 and 199 | ≥200 | |||
Days in milk | 12.5 d | 50.9 c | 140.7 b | 291.3 a | 1.7 | <0.0001 |
Estimated body weight 2 (kg) | 673 b | 662 b | 669 b | 692 a | 3 | <0.0001 |
Milk yield (kg/day) | 34.5 b | 39.1 a | 33.9 b | 25.4 c | 0.6 | <0.0001 |
Fat-corrected milk 3 (kg/day) | 36.3 a | 38.0 a | 33.6 b | 26.4 c | 0.6 | <0.0001 |
Milk fat (%) | 4.39 a | 3.83 c | 3.99 b | 4.34 a | 0.04 | <0.0001 |
Milk protein (%) | 3.39 b | 3.00 d | 3.26 c | 3.57 a | 0.02 | <0.0001 |
Milk lactose (%) | 4.50 c | 4.65 a | 4.59 b | 4.51 c | 0.01 | <0.0001 |
Predicted DMI 4 (kg) | 16.8 c | 22.9 b | 24.8 a | 22.6 b | 0.2 | <0.0001 |
NRC recommendations | ||||||
P 5 (% of DM) | 0.45 a | 0.38 b | 0.34 c | 0.32 d | 0.00 | <0.0001 |
Co 6 (mg/kg of DM) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | - | - |
Cu 5 (mg/kg of DM) | 15.4 a | 11.5 b | 10.2 c | 11.4 b | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
Fe 5 (mg/kg of DM) | 22.2 a | 17.0 b | 13.8 d | 14.3 c | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
Mn5 (mg/kg of DM) | 19.7 a | 14.6 b | 12.7 d | 13.5 c | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
Zn 5 (mg/kg of DM) | 69.8 a | 53.1 b | 44.2 c | 41.2 d | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
INRA recommendations | ||||||
P 7 (% of DM) | 0.41 a | 0.36 b | 0.31 c | 0.28 d | 0.00 | <0.0001 |
Co 6 (mg/kg of DM) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | - |
Cu 6 (mg/kg of DM) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | - | - |
Fe 6 (mg/kg of DM) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mn 6 (mg/kg of DM) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | - | - |
Zn 6 (mg/kg of DM) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | - | - |
EAAP recommendations | ||||||
P 8 (% of DM) | 0.43 a | 0.38 b | 0.33 c | 0.30 d | 0.00 | <0.0001 |
Co6 (mg/kg of DM) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - |
Cu6 (mg/kg of DM) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | - | - |
Fe6 (mg/kg of DM) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | - | - |
Mn6 (mg/kg of DM) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | - | - |
Zn6 (mg/kg of DM) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | - | - |
Items | Days in Milk Category | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤21 | Between 22 and 80 | Between 81 and 199 | ≥200 | |||
Dietary concentrations | ||||||
P (% of DM) | 0.40 a | 0.39 ab | 0.38 bc | 0.37 c | 0.01 | 0.0003 |
Co 2 (mg/kg of DM) | 0.61 (0.59–0.63) | 0.60 (0.58–0.62) | 0.59 (0.57–0.61) | 0.58 (0.57–0.60) | - | 0.36 |
Cu 2 (mg/kg of DM) | 18.9 a (17.6–20.2) | 17.5 ab (16.5–18.6) | 16.8 ab (15.8–17.9) | 16.5 b (15.5–17.5) | - | 0.02 |
Fe 2 (mg/kg of DM) | 226 (208–245) | 208 (193–223) | 204 (189–219) | 201 (187–216) | - | 0.17 |
Mn 2 (mg/kg of DM) | 74.8 a (68.9–81.2) | 67.8 ab (63.0–73.0) | 64.9 b (60.3–69.9) | 63.2 b (58.7–68.1) | - | 0.02 |
Zn (mg/kg of DM) | 91.8 a | 84.0 ab | 78.8 b | 76.2 b | 2.8 | 0.001 |
% below or above the recommendations 3 | ||||||
NRC | ||||||
P | −11 c | 2 b | 10 a | 15 a | 2 | <0.0001 |
Co | 509 | 493 | 464 | 452 | 26 | 0.35 |
Cu 2 | 23 b (15–32) | 53 a (44–63) | 65 a (55–76) | 50 a (41–60) | - | <0.0001 |
Fe 2 | 930 c (849–1019) | 1138 b (1050–1234) | 1396 a (1288–1511) | 1497 a (1382–1620) | - | <0.0001 |
Mn 2 | 281 b (251–314) | 367 a (333–403) | 409 a (373–449) | 378 a (344–415) | - | <0.0001 |
Zn | 35 c | 60 b | 80 ab | 89 a | 6 | <0.0001 |
INRA | ||||||
P | 0 d | 9 c | 21 b | 30 a | 2 | <0.0001 |
Co | 123 | 117 | 107 | 102 | 9 | 0.35 |
Cu 2 | 89 a (76–102) | 75 b (65–86) | 68 b (58–79) | 65 b (55–75) | - | 0.02 |
Fe | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mn 2 | 50 a (38–62) | 36 ab (26–46) | 30 b (21–40) | 26 b (17–36) | - | 0.02 |
Zn | 86 a | 68 ab | 58 b | 52 b | 6 | 0.0005 |
EAAP | ||||||
P | −5 d | 3 c | 14 b | 24 a | 2 | <0.0001 |
Co | 569 | 552 | 521 | 507 | 26 | 0.35 |
Cu 2 | 89 a (76–102) | 75 b (65–86) | 68 b (58–79) | 65 b (55–75) | - | 0.02 |
Fe 2 | 351 (316–389) | 315 (286–346) | 307 (278–338) | 302 (274–333) | - | 0.17 |
Mn 2 | 87 a (72–103) | 69 ab (57–82) | 62 b (51–75) | 58 b (47–70) | - | 0.02 |
Zn | 86 a | 68 ab | 58 b | 52 b | 6 | 0.0005 |
% Below or Above the Recommendations 2 | Median | Centile 1 | Centile 25 | Centile 75 | Centile 99 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NRC | |||||
P | 8 | −34 | −3 | 20 | 64 |
Co | 405 | 70 | 274 | 601 | 1262 |
Cu | 52 | −38 | 26 | 83 | 246 |
Fe | 1346 | 469 | 998 | 1841 | 4046 |
Mn | 372 | 107 | 278 | 503 | 1195 |
Zn | 65 | −44 | 34 | 111 | 384 |
INRA | |||||
P | 19 | −28 | 7 | 33 | 89 |
Co | 85 | −38 | 37 | 157 | 399 |
Cu | 65 | −29 | 37 | 98 | 260 |
Fe | - | - | - | - | - |
Mn | 28 | −45 | 4 | 61 | 248 |
Zn | 46 | −49 | 21 | 96 | 322 |
EAAP | |||||
P | 12 | −31 | 1 | 26 | 80 |
Co | 455 | 87 | 312 | 671 | 1398 |
Cu | 65 | −29 | 37 | 98 | 260 |
Fe | 319 | 63 | 232 | 453 | 882 |
Mn | 60 | −31 | 30 | 101 | 334 |
Zn | 46 | −49 | 21 | 96 | 322 |
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Duplessis, M.; Fadul-Pacheco, L.; Santschi, D.E.; Pellerin, D. Toward Precision Feeding Regarding Minerals: What Is the Current Practice in Commercial Dairy Herds in Québec, Canada? Animals 2021, 11, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051320
Duplessis M, Fadul-Pacheco L, Santschi DE, Pellerin D. Toward Precision Feeding Regarding Minerals: What Is the Current Practice in Commercial Dairy Herds in Québec, Canada? Animals. 2021; 11(5):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051320
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuplessis, Mélissa, Liliana Fadul-Pacheco, Débora E. Santschi, and Doris Pellerin. 2021. "Toward Precision Feeding Regarding Minerals: What Is the Current Practice in Commercial Dairy Herds in Québec, Canada?" Animals 11, no. 5: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051320
APA StyleDuplessis, M., Fadul-Pacheco, L., Santschi, D. E., & Pellerin, D. (2021). Toward Precision Feeding Regarding Minerals: What Is the Current Practice in Commercial Dairy Herds in Québec, Canada? Animals, 11(5), 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051320