Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animals, Treatments, and Experimental Design
2.3. Diet and Animal Management
2.4. Growth Performance
2.5. Diarrhea Incidence
2.6. Blood Sampling
2.7. Blood Hematology Analysis
2.8. Plasma Collection and Immunoglobulin Analysis
2.9. Blood Biochemical Examination
2.10. Cortisol Measurement
2.11. Actual and Relative Weights/Lengths of Organs and Intestines
2.12. Intestinal Morphology
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Diarrhea Incidence
3.3. Blood Hematology Analysis
3.4. Blood Immunoglobulin Analysis
3.5. Blood Biochemical Analysis
3.6. Cortisol Analysis
3.7. Actual and Relative Weights/Lengths of Organs and Intestines
3.8. Intestinal Morphology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Criterion |
---|---|
Polyphenols (mg catechin/g) | >500 |
Humidity (maximum) | 15 |
pH | 4.5 ± 1 |
Group | Mean | n | SEM | p-Value | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 6.56 | 8 | 0.33 | 0.99 | 0.58 |
0.2 MGM | 6.49 | 8 | 0.28 | ||
0.3 MGM | 6.49 | 8 | 0.32 |
Ingredient | Content (%) |
---|---|
Corn | 34.45 |
Defatted milk powder | 18.00 |
Fatty powder | 6.20 |
Sugar | 10.00 |
Soybean meal | 25.00 |
Fish meal | 4.50 |
Calcium diphosphate | 0.20 |
Calcium carbonate | 0.65 |
Salt | 0.20 |
B vitamins | 0.15 |
Vitamins A, D and E | 0.10 |
Trace minerals | 0.15 |
L-lysine hydrochloride | 0.06 |
DL-Methionine | 0.09 |
L-Threonine | 0.03 |
Copper sulphate | 0.21 |
Vitamin K3 | 0.01 |
Total | 100 |
Chemical Composition | Content (%) | Amino Acid | Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
DM | 90.50 | Contained | |
CP | 22.60 | Arginine | 1.32 |
EE | 6.60 | Histidine | 0.63 |
CF | 1.10 | Isoleucine | 0.99 |
Ash | 5.60 | Leucine | 2.03 |
NFE | 54.60 | Lysin | 1.56 |
DE (Mcal/kg) | 3.70 | Methionine + cysteine | 0.83 |
Ca | 0.81 | Phenylalanine + tyrosine | 1.92 |
NpP | 0.45 | Threonine | 0.96 |
Na | 0.26 | Tryptophan | 0.28 |
Cl | 0.36 | Valine | 1.15 |
K | 0.99 | Digestible | |
Mg | 0.14 | Arginine | 1.22 |
Fe (mg/kg) | 182.18 | Histidine | 0.58 |
Zn (mg/kg) | 105.32 | Isoleucine | 0.88 |
Mn (mg/kg) | 87.51 | Leucine | 1.83 |
Cu (mg/kg) | 125.29 | Lysin | 1.42 |
I (mg/kg) | 1.95 | Methionine + cysteine | 0.74 |
Se (mg/kg) | 0.30 | Phenylalanine + tyrosine | 1.47 |
Vitamin A (IU/kg) | 100,051.62 | Threonine | 0.85 |
Vitamin D (IU/kg) | 2000 | Tryptophan | 0.25 |
Vitamin E (IU/kg) | 20.04 | Valine | 1.01 |
Vitamin K (IU/kg) | 0.57 | ||
Thiamine (mg/kg) | 5.15 | ||
Riboflavin (mg/kg) | 15.38 | ||
Pantothenic acid (mg/kg) | 27.83 | ||
Nicotinic acid (mg/kg) | 25.63 | ||
Vitamin B6 (mg/kg) | 5.93 | ||
Choline (mg/kg) | 1204.8 | ||
Vitamin B12 (μg/kg) | 21.88 | ||
Biotin (mg/kg) | 0.16 | ||
Folic acid (mg/kg) | 0.36 |
Item | Initial BW (kg) | Final BW (kg) | ADG (kg) | ADFI (kg) | FCR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 6.56 ± 0.33 | 17.56 ± 0.65 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.82 | 1.49 |
0.2 MGM | 6.49 ± 0.28 | 17.46 ± 0.93 | 0.55 ± 0.04 | 0.81 | 1.47 |
0.3 MGM | 6.49 ± 0.32 | 17.79 ± 0.82 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.84 | 1.47 |
Measurement | Control | 0.2 MGM | 0.3 MGM |
---|---|---|---|
Organ weight/length | |||
Liver (g) | 425.28 ± 39.64 | 478.38 ± 45.16 | 474.08 ± 31.26 |
Pancreas (g) | 31.45 ± 4.52 | 35.70 ± 2.78 | 34.73 ± 2.19 |
Spleen (g) | 32.40 ± 2.26 | 35.65 ± 2.26 | 35.08 ± 2.93 |
Kidney (g) | 97.90 ± 5.19 | 115.28 ± 8.31 | 103.50 ± 6.45 |
Stomach (g) | 76.58 ± 6.28 | 78.98 ± 7.53 | 78.85 ± 11.64 |
Small intestine weight (g) | 598.73 ± 34.20 | 804.40 ± 85.75 | 590.50 ± 39.51 |
Small intestine length (m) | 11.14 ± 0.40 | 12.68 ± 0.47 | 11.93 ± 0.79 |
Large intestine weight (g) | 189.75 ± 37.24 | 230.03 ± 19.61 | 187.63 ± 16.50 |
Large intestine length (m) | 1.98 ± 0.37 | 2.58 ± 0.02 | 2.61 ± 0.31 |
Thymus (g) | 35.73 ± 1.33 | 40.83 ± 11.81 | 41.43 ± 8.93 |
Relative organ weight/length | |||
Liver (%) | 2.35 ± 0.10 | 2.58 ± 0.18 | 2.60 ± 0.16 |
Pancreas (%) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
Spleen (%) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
Kidney (%) | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.02 |
Stomach (%) | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.03 |
Small intestine weight (%) | 3.33 ± 0.09 | 4.37 ± 0.48 | 3.24 ± 0.18 |
Small intestine length (cm/kg) | 62.45 ± 4.33 | 68.63 ± 2.33 | 65.96 ± 5.80 |
Large intestine weight (%) | 1.04 ± 0.15 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 1.02 ± 0.05 |
Large intestine length (cm/kg) | 11.04 ± 2.08 | 14.00 ± 0.58 | 14.36 ± 1.62 |
Thymus (%) | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.04 |
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Ma, M.; Chambers, J.K.; Uchida, K.; Ikeda, M.; Watanabe, M.; Goda, Y.; Yamanaka, D.; Takahashi, S.-I.; Kuwahara, M.; Li, J. Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals 2021, 11, 3316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113316
Ma M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Ikeda M, Watanabe M, Goda Y, Yamanaka D, Takahashi S-I, Kuwahara M, Li J. Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113316
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Min, James K. Chambers, Kazuyuki Uchida, Masanori Ikeda, Makiko Watanabe, Yuki Goda, Daisuke Yamanaka, Shin-Ichiro Takahashi, Masayoshi Kuwahara, and Junyou Li. 2021. "Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets" Animals 11, no. 11: 3316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113316