Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Nutrition
2.3. Blood Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Production Results
3.2. Biochemical and Mineral Blood Indices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Feed Materials | Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | |
I fattening stage | |||||
Barley | 35.0 | 30.0 | 25.0 | 15.0 | 5.0 |
Triticale | 24.0 | 19.2 | 20.3 | 22.1 | 28.3 |
Wheat | 20.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Oats | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Soybean meal GM | 13.0 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 2.0 |
Rapeseed meal | – | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 7.8 |
Pea seeds | – | 5.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 17.5 |
Soybean oil | – | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
Premix * | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Analyzed nutritional value (%) | |||||
Dry matter | 87.6 | 87.4 | 86.9 | 87.3 | 87.5 |
Crude protein | 16.4 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 16.3 |
Ether extract | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Crude fiber | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
Crude ash | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.9 |
Calculated nutritional value (%) | |||||
Metabolic energy (MJ/kg) | 13.22 | 13.21 | 13.21 | 13.21 | 13.21 |
Lysine | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
Methionine + cysteine | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.67 |
Threonine | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.72 |
Tryptophan | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
Calcium | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
Phosphorus | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.58 |
Sodium | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
II fattening stage | |||||
Barley | 35.0 | 25.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 8.2 |
Triticale | 32.0 | 26.5 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Wheat | 10.0 | 21.6 | 24.7 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Oats | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 6.9 | 5.0 |
Soybean meal GM | 10.5 | 6.6 | 4.8 | 3.0 | - |
Rapeseed meal | – | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 6.0 |
Pea seeds | – | 5.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 17.5 |
Soybean oil | – | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Premix * | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Analyzed nutritional value (%) | |||||
Dry matter | 86.8 | 86.4 | 87.0 | 86.7 | 86.1 |
Crude protein | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 15.1 |
Ether extract | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
Crude fiber | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 |
Crude ash | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
Calculated nutritional value (%) | |||||
Metabolic energy (MJ/kg) | 13.17 | 13.16 | 13.17 | 13.17 | 13.16 |
Lysine | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
Methionine + cysteine | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.61 |
Threonine | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
Tryptophan | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Calcium | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.71 |
Phosphorus | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.52 |
Sodium | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
Raw Feed Materials | Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | |
I fattening stage | |||||
Barley | 36.6 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 5.4 | 2.3 |
Triticale | 15.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 33.0 | 35.0 |
Wheat | 25.0 | 33.7 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 33.0 |
Oats | 5.0 | 3.0 | – | – | – |
Soybean meal GM | 15.0 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 5.5 | 2.0 |
Rapeseed meal | – | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 6.0 |
Blue lupin seeds | – | 5.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 17.5 |
Soybean oil | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
Premix * | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Analyzed nutritional value (%) | |||||
Dry matter | 87.7 | 87.4 | 87.3 | 87.1 | 87.4 |
Crude protein | 16.3 | 16.4 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 16.4 |
Ether extract | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Crude fiber | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
Crude ash | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 |
Calculated nutritional value (%) | |||||
Metabolic energy (MJ/kg) | 13.23 | 13.19 | 13.20 | 13.21 | 13.20 |
Lysine | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.05 |
Methionine + cysteine | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.64 |
Threonine | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.71 |
Tryptophan | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
Calcium | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.91 |
Phosphorus | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.51 |
Sodium | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
II fattening stage | |||||
Barley | 36.7 | 12.0 | 11.4 | 8.8 | 5.8 |
Triticale | 20.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 33.0 | 35.0 |
Wheat | 20.0 | 32.3 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 33.0 |
Oats | 8.0 | 7.5 | 3.0 | – | – |
Soybean meal GM | 12.8 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 3.1 | – |
Rapeseed meal | – | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5.6 |
Blue lupin seeds | – | 5.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 17.5 |
Soybean oil | – | – | – | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Premix * | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Analyzed nutritional value (%) | |||||
Dry matter | 87.6 | 87.9 | 87.4 | 87.5 | 88.0 |
Crude protein | 15.4 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 15.3 |
Ether extract | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
Crude fiber | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
Crude ash | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 |
Calculated nutritional value (%) | |||||
Metabolic energy (MJ/kg) | 13.20 | 13.19 | 13.19 | 13.19 | 13.20 |
Lysine | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
Methionine + cysteine | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
Threonine | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
Tryptophan | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Calcium | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.78 |
Phosphorus | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.48 |
Sodium | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
Specification | Groups 1 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | ||
Experiment 1 | ||||||
Initial body weight, kg | 26.4 ± 1.1 | 27.1 ± 0.8 | 26.9 ± 0.9 | 26.5 ± 0.8 | 26.5 ± 1.0 | 0.336 |
Final body weight, kg | 123.4 ± 9.6 | 123.0 ± 8.7 | 124.8 ± 7.5 | 122.1 ± 7.3 | 116.5 ± 9.7 | 0.255 |
Average daily body weight gain, g | 1104 ± 119 | 1090 ± 97 | 1113 ± 87 | 1086 ± 80 | 1022 ± 108 | 0.294 |
Meatiness, % | 60.0 ± 0.8 | 60.6 ± 1.9 | 60.1 ± 2.3 | 60.4 ± 2.0 | 59.7 ± 2.4 | 0.854 |
Experiment II | ||||||
Initial body weight, kg | 33.5 ± 1.4 | 33.1 ± 1.5 | 33.9 ± 1.5 | 33.7 ± 1.8 | 33.4 ± 1.5 | 0.810 |
Final body weight, kg | 125.5 ± 8.7 | 123.5 ± 5.8 | 125.1 ± 4.9 | 126.6 ± 7.7 | 121.1 ± 7.4 | 0.452 |
Average daily body weight gain, g | 1260 ± 118 | 1238 ± 82 | 1249 ± 70 | 1272 ± 107 | 1201 ± 92 | 0.529 |
Meatiness, % | 58.9 ± 1.9 | 58.9 ± 2.9 | 58.9 ± 2.0 | 59.2 ± 2.5 | 58.1 ± 2.5 | 0.878 |
Specification | Units | Groups 1 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | |||
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | U/L | 115 ± 17 | 121 ± 13 | 141 ± 28 | 126 ± 30 | 115 ± 12 | 0.166 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (ASPAT) | U/L | 63.2 ± 17.0 | 78.3 ± 28.8 | 63.9 ± 19.5 | 61.5 ± 23.3 | 81.9 ± 27.8 | 0.342 |
Alanine-aminotransferase (ALAT) | U/L | 46.8 a ± 7.5 | 44.6 ± 11.4 | 34.2 a ± 13.1 | 54.8 ± 11.7 | 48.4 ± 8.7 | 0.003 |
Albumin (ALB) | g/L | 47.7 ± 3.1 | 43.5 ± 6.4 | 46.9 ± 6.4 | 43.1 ± 7.9 | 39.9 ± 8.8 | 0.129 |
Total protein (TP) | g/L | 80.4 ± 4.9 | 71.1 ± 10.7 | 77.2 ± 9.2 | 66.8 ± 18.4 | 77.7 ± 20.0 | 0.199 |
Glucose (GLU) | mmol/L | 8.9 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 8.5 ± 2.5 | 0.134 |
Cholesterol (CHOL) | mmol/L | 3.1 A,b,a ± 0.4 | 2.5 a ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.4 A ± 0.6 | 2.5 B ± 0.7 | 0.011 |
Triglycerides (TG) | mmol/L | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.720 |
Creatinine (CREA) | μmol/L | 161 A,B ± 12 | 117 A ± 22 | 141 ± 14 | 139 ± 19 | 119 B ± 51 | 0.004 |
Urea (UREA) | mmol/L | 7.4 A,a ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 6.4 a ± 0.8 | 4.8 A ± 1.4 | 0.001 |
Calcium (Ca) | mmol/L | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 0.060 |
Phosphorus (P) | mmol/L | 3.3 a ± 0.8 | 2.4 a ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 0.007 |
Magnesium (Mg) | mmol/L | 1.1 A,B ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 A ± 0.2 | 0.9 B ± 0.2 | 0.012 |
Iron (Fe) | μmol/L | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | 27.8 ± 7.0 | 22.6 ± 10.9 | 27.6 ± 15.6 | 0.547 |
Specification | Units | Groups 1 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | |||
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | U/L | 119 A,B ± 16 | 111 ± 28 | 167 A ± 19 | 167 B ± 20 | n.d. | 0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (ASPAT) | U/L | 68.6 A,B,C,D ± 11.5 | 40.6 A ± 5.5 | 51.5 B ± 11.6 | 54.5 C ± 14.1 | 40.2 D ± 7.9 | 0.001 |
Alanine-aminotransferase (ALAT) | U/L | 79.4 A,B,C,D ± 12.0 | 46.1 A ± 12.3 | 51.1 B ± 7.0 | 54.5 C ± 5.7 | 47.4 D ± 12.1 | 0.001 |
Albumin (ALB) | g/L | 43.8 a,b ± 1.7 | 40.8 a ± 4.6 | 46.7 ± 2.0 | 43.2 ± 4.0 | 47.5 b ± 2.4 | 0.001 |
Total protein (TP) | g/L | 79.7 A,B,C ± 4.6 | 67.6 A ± 10.3 | 66.2 B ± 8.6 | 59.7 C ± 5.5 | 78.2 ± 3.8 | 0.001 |
Glucose (GLU) | mmol/L | 13.0 A,B ± 1.6 | 8.4 A ± 2.1 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | 15.0 ± 3.4 | 9.1 B ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
Cholesterol (CHOL) | mmol/L | 3.0 A,a ± 0.2 | 2.5 A ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.7 a ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
Triglycerides (TG) | mmol/L | 0.7 A,B,C,a ± 0.2 | 0.5 a ± 0.2 | 1.0 A ± 0.1 | 0.8 B ± 0.1 | 0.5 C ± 0.1 | 0.001 |
Creatinine (CREA) | μmol/L | 185 A,b,a ± 11 | 166 a ± 20 | 102 A ± 16 | 120 B ± 23 | 185 ± 15 | 0.001 |
Urea (UREA) | mmol/L | 8.2 A ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 6.3 A ± 0.9 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 0.001 |
Calcium (Ca) | mmol/L | 3.0 A ± 0.2 | 2.6 A ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
Phosphorus (P) | mmol/L | 3.7 A ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.1 A ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 0.010 |
Magnesium (Mg) | mmol/L | 1.2 A,B,C,D ± 0.2 | 0.9 A ± 0.1 | 0.9 B ± 0.1 | 0.9 C ± 0.1 | 1.0 D ± 0.2 | 0.010 |
Iron (Fe) | μmol/L | 23.9 A ± 5.2 | 25.6 ± 4.6 | 27.4 ± 5.5 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 39.2 A ± 4.5 | 0.001 |
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Sońta, M.; Batorska, M.; Więcek, J.; Rekiel, A. Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Animals 2020, 10, 858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050858
Sońta M, Batorska M, Więcek J, Rekiel A. Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Animals. 2020; 10(5):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050858
Chicago/Turabian StyleSońta, Marcin, Martyna Batorska, Justyna Więcek, and Anna Rekiel. 2020. "Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)" Animals 10, no. 5: 858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050858
APA StyleSońta, M., Batorska, M., Więcek, J., & Rekiel, A. (2020). Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Animals, 10(5), 858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050858