Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Housing
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Habituation
2.2.2. Test
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behaviors | Definitions | Targets |
---|---|---|
Visual approach | From a stationary position, the goat turns/lifts head towards the target, without approach | Experimenter Apparatus Door |
Tactile approach | The goat establishes physical contact with the target, e.g., rubbing, nosing, pawing a hand or leg or jumping up | |
Go towards | The goat moves in the direction of the target | |
Stress behaviors | Locomotion (move around the test arena without precise orientation); bleating |
Categories | Behaviors | Group | Frequency | Duration (s) | Latency (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimenter-directed behaviors | Visual approach | Control | 4.11 ± 2.76 | 2.87 ± 2.40 | 16.78 ± 21.10 |
Social | 5.70 ± 2.36 | 4.64 ± 1.97 | 4.28 ± 6.37 | ||
Tactile approach | Control | 0.56 ± 0.73 * | 0.76 ± 1.11 * | 40.96 ± 22.90 | |
Social | 1.90 ± 1.37 * | 5.76 ± 6.11 * | 23.68 ± 22.90 | ||
Go towards | Control | 0.67 ± 1 | 0.71 ± 1.30 | 43.96 ± 21 | |
Social | 1.70 ± 1.42 | 1.52 ± 1.16 | 32.86 ± 20.90 | ||
Apparatus-directed behaviors | Visual approach | Control | 2.22 ± 1.48 | 1.87 ± 2.05 | 27.96 ± 25.3 |
Social | 3.60 ± 2.12 | 2.50 ± 2.72 | 12.86 ± 18 | ||
Tactile approach | Control | 2.89 ± 1.50 | 10.44 ± 6.50 | 0.89 ± 2.19 | |
Social | 4.40 ± 2.10 | 13.60 ± 4.52 | 1.48 ± 4.28 | ||
Go towards | Control | 0.67 ± 1 | 1.18 ± 2.01 | 42.42 ± 24.90 | |
Social | 1.40 ± 1.58 | 1.60 ± 1.54 | 40.56 ± 23.80 | ||
Door-directed behaviors | Visual approach | Control | 3.56 ± 3.28 | 5.24 ± 5.83 | 18.73 ± 23.70 |
Social | 3.40 ± 2.72 | 3.28 ± 3.31 | 23.36 ± 16.90 | ||
Tactile approach | Control | 2.11 ± 2.8 | 9.89 ± 11.60 | 39.60 ± 22.90 | |
Social | 0.20 ± 0.40 | 0.54 ± 1.34 | 53.02 ± 14.90 | ||
Go towards | Control | 2.33 ± 2.4 | 3.96 ± 3.12 | 27.40 ± 22.40 | |
Social | 1.50 ± 1.27 | 1.74 ± 1.64 | 37.28 ± 16.60 |
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Mastellone, V.; Scandurra, A.; D’Aniello, B.; Nawroth, C.; Saggese, F.; Silvestre, P.; Lombardi, P. Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats. Animals 2020, 10, 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040578
Mastellone V, Scandurra A, D’Aniello B, Nawroth C, Saggese F, Silvestre P, Lombardi P. Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats. Animals. 2020; 10(4):578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040578
Chicago/Turabian StyleMastellone, Vincenzo, Anna Scandurra, Biagio D’Aniello, Christian Nawroth, Fiorella Saggese, Pasqualino Silvestre, and Pietro Lombardi. 2020. "Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats" Animals 10, no. 4: 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040578
APA StyleMastellone, V., Scandurra, A., D’Aniello, B., Nawroth, C., Saggese, F., Silvestre, P., & Lombardi, P. (2020). Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats. Animals, 10(4), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040578