Of Great Apes and Magpies: Initiations into Animal Behaviour
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material
2.1. Case 1
- (1)
- In research: How do we move from personal experience to useful hypotheses?
- (2)
- Care-taking: When does intuition about non-human primate well-being supersede protocol?
- (3)
- Education: How does empathy advance the process of learning about other primates? and
- (4)
- Conservation: What impact does personal experience have on the ethos and effectiveness of conservation?
2.2. Case 2a: Encountering Abbie
2.3. Case 2b: Simbo and Danger
2.4. Case 3
3. Discussion
3.1. Cases 1–2b: Chimpanzees and Orang-Utans
3.2. Discussion: Case 3
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pickering, A. Against human exceptionalism. In XTR Workshop-250208 ′What Does It Mean to Be Human’; Exeter University: Exeter, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Larson, S.G.; Jungers, W.L.; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Saptomo, E.W.; Due, R.A.; Djubiantono, T. Homo floresiensis and the evolution of the hominin shoulder. J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 53, 718–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Evans, P.D.; Mekel-Bobrov, N.; Vallender, E.J.; Hudson, R.R.; Lahn, B.T. Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 18178–18183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Mather, J. What is in an octopus’s mind? Anim. Sentience 2019, 4, 1. [Google Scholar]
- Chapais, B. Mind the Gap. Tracing the Origins of Human Universals; Kappeler, P.M., Silk, J.B., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapiro, G.L. Sign acquisition in a home-reared/free-ranging orangutan: Comparisons with other signing apes. Am. J. Primatol. 1982, 3, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vallortigara, G. Core knowledge of object, number, and geometry: A comparative and neural approach. Cogn. Neuropsych. 2012, 29, 213–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vallortigara, G.; Regolin, L.; Chiandetti, C.; Rugani, R. Rudiments of mind: Insights through the chick model on number and space cognition in animals. Comp. Cogn. Behav. Rev. 2010, 5, 78–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Spelke, E.S. Core knowledge. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finlay, B.L. Human exceptionalism, our ordinary cortex and our research futures. Dev. Psychobiol. 2019, 61, 317–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marino, L.; Connor, R.C.; Ewan Fordyce, R.; Herman, L.M.; Hof, P.R.; Lefebvre, L.; Lusseau, D.; McCowan, B.; Nimchinsky, E.A.; Pack, A.A.; et al. Cetaceans have complex brains for complex cognition. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5, e139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Taylor, A.H. Corvid cognition. Wiley Interdisc. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 2014, 5, 361–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Auersperg, A.M.; von Bayern, A.M.; Weber, S.; Szabadvari, A.; Bugnyar, T.; Kacelnik, A. Social transmission of tool use and tool manufacture in Goffin cockatoos (Cacatua goffini). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2014, 281, 20140972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Kaplan, G. Bird Minds. In Cognition and Behaviour in Australian Native Birds; CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, VCT, Australia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Bensky, M.K.; Gosling, S.D.; Sinn, D.L. The world from a dog’s point of view: A review and synthesis of dog cognition research. In Advances in the Study Behaviour; Brockmann, J.H., Roper, T.J., Naguib, M., Mitani, J.C., Simmons, L.W., Eds.; Academic Press: Oxford, UK, 2013; Volume 45, pp. 209–406. [Google Scholar]
- Byrne, R.W.; Bates, L.A.; Moss, C.J. Elephant cognition in primate perspective. Comp. Cogn. Behav. Rev. 2009, 4, 65–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cimatti, F.; Vallortigara, G. So little brain, so much mind. Intelligence and behaviour in non human animals. Reti Saperi Ling. 2015, 2, 5–22. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.W.; Piff, P.K.; Iyer, R.; Koleva, S.; Keltner, D. An occasion for unselfing: Beautiful nature leads to prosociality. J. Environ. Psych. 2014, 37, 61–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, L.A.; Brosnan, S.F.; Clay, Z. Anthropomorphism in comparative affective science: Advocating a mindful approach. Neurosc. Biobehv. Rev. 2020, 115, 299–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendoza, S.; Box, H.O.; Hutz, R.; Fragaszy, D.; Tuttle, R.H. Proceedings of the xvith congress of the international primatological society. Int. J. Primatol. 1996, 17, 1059–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rudman, L.A.; Ashmore, R.D.; Gary, M.L. “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. J. Person. Soc. Psych. 2001, 81, 856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clifton, M. James Mahoney, DVM, “the Oskar Schindler of Laboratory Primates,” Dies at 77. Available online: animals24-7.org (accessed on 27 September 2017).
- Martin, D. LEMPSIP. The New York Times, 3 September 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, G. Economic Development and Ecotourism in Malaysia. In The Shaping of Malaysia, 1999th ed.; Kaur, A., Metcalfe, I., Eds.; Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 173–195. [Google Scholar]
- Haraway, D. When Species Meet, 1st ed.; University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Pratt, M.L. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, 2nd ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, H.F. Contact zones: Multispecies scholarship through imperial eyes. Environ. Plan. E Nat. Space 2019, 2, 712–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Parreñas, R.J.S. Producing affect: Transnational volunteerism in a Malaysian orangutan rehabilitation center. Am. Ethnol. 2012, 39, 673–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. Orang-Utans in Borneo; University of New England Press: Armidale, NSW, Australia, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Intern. J. Primat. 2002, 23, 501–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. The Orang-Utans. Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Future; Perseus Publishing: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Rogers, L.J.; Kaplan, G. Hand preferences and other lateral biases in rehabilitant orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Anim. Behav. 1996, 51, 13–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Kaplan, G. Australian Magpie, 2nd ed.; CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, VCT, Australia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, G.; Johnson, G.; Koboroff, A.; Rogers, L.J. Alarm Calls of The Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen): I. Predators Elicit Complex Vocal Responses and Mobbing Behaviour. Open Ornithol. J. 2009, 2, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. Stability of referential signaling across time and locations: Testing alarm calls of Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) in urban and rural Australia and in Fiji. PeerJ 2013, 1, e112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Kaplan, G. Pointing gesture in a bird-merely instrumental or a cognitively complex behaviour? Special Issue ‘Animal Cognition’. Curr. Zool. 2011, 57, 453–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Koboroff, A.; Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. Clever strategists: Australian magpies vary mobbing strategies, not intensity relative to different species of predator. PeerJ 2013, 1, e56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ferguson, G. Opening Doors: Carole Noon and Her Dream to Save the Chimp; Save the Chimps: Fort Pierce, FL, USA, 2014; ISBN 978-097966853-1. [Google Scholar]
- Wadman, M. Animal rights: Chimpanzee research on trial. Nature 2011, 474, 268–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodall, J. In the Shadow of Man; Rev. ed. of 1971; Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston, NY, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Krause, M.A.; Fouts, R.S. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes pointing: Hand shapes, accuracy, and the role of eye gaze. J. Comp. Psych. 1997, 111, 330–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hopkins, W.D.; Leavens, D.A. Hand use and gestural communication in chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. J. Comp. Psych. 1998, 112, 95–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol; Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Vèa, J.J.; Sabater-Pi, J. Spontaneous pointing behaviour in the wild pygmy chimpanzee Pan paniscus. Folia Primatolog. 1998, 69, 289–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boysen, S.T.; Berntson, G.G. Numerical competence in a chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes. J. Comp. Psych. 1989, 103, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: Contrast in preverbal communicative competence. In The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior; Susman, R.L., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1984; pp. 395–413. [Google Scholar]
- Patterson, F.G. Linguistic capabilities of a lowland gorilla. In Sign Language and Language Acquisition in Man and Ape: New Dimensions in Comparative Pedolinguis tics; Peng, F.C.C., Ed.; Westview Press: Boulder, CO, USA, 1978; pp. 161–201. [Google Scholar]
- Miles, H.L. The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan. In “Language” and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives; Parker, S.T., Gibson, K.R., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990; pp. 511–539. [Google Scholar]
- Pepperberg, I.M. The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Pepperberg, I.M. Grey parrot numerical competence: A review. Anim. Cogn. 2006, 9, 377–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N. Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates. PNAS 2002, 99, 4436–4441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Maestripieri, D. Primate social organization, gestural repertoire size, and communication dynamics: A comparative study of macaques. In The Evolution of Language: Assessing the Evidence from Nonhuman Primates; King, B.J., Ed.; School of American Research: Santa Fe, NM, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- DeCasien, A.R.; Higham, J.P. Primate mosaic brain evolution reflects selection on sensory and cognitive specialization. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2019, 3, 1483–1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bard, K.A.; Maguire-Herring, V.; Tomonaga, M.; Matsuzawa, T. The gesture ‘Touch’: Does meaning-making develop in chimpanzees’ use of a very flexible gesture? Anim. Cogn. 2019, 22, 535–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Locke, D.P.; Hillier, L.W.; Warren, W.C.; Worley, K.C.; Nazareth, L.V.; Muzny, D.M. Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes. Nature 2011, 46, 529–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Waterston, R.H.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Birney, E.; Rogers, J.; Abril, J.F.; Agarwal, P.; Agarwala, R.; Ainscough, R.; Alexandersson, M.; An, P.; et al. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002, 420, 520–562. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. Gene Worship. Moving beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate over Genes, Brain and Gender; LLC: New York, NY, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Plumwood, V. Being Prey. In Ultimate Journey: Inspiring Stories of Living and Dying; O’Reilly, J., O’Reilly, S., Sterling, R., Eds.; Travelers Tales: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1999; pp. 128–146. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, G. Holding up the mirror: Mirror neurons and humanity’s dark side. Anim. Sentience 2019, 23, 186. [Google Scholar]
- Fouts, R.; Mills, S.T. Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me About Who We Are; William Morrow: New York, NY, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Irvine, L. A model of animal selfhood: Expanding interactionist possibilities. Symb. Interact. 2004, 27, 3–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hampton, R. Parallel overinterpretation of behavior of apes and corvids. Learn. Behav. 2019, 47, 105–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hirata, S.; Fuwa, K. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) learn to act with other individuals in a cooperative task. Primates 2007, 48, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohles, F.H. The development of an instrumental skill sequence in the chimpanzee. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1961, 4, 323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Rohles, F.H.; Belleville, R.E.; Grunzke, M.E. The measurement of higher intellectual functioning in the chimpanzee. Aerosp. Med. 1961, 32, 121–125. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cruickshank, A.J.; Gautier, J.P.; Chappuis, C. Vocal mimicry in wild African grey parrots Psittacus erithacus. Ibis 1993, 135, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gautier, J.P.; Cruickshank, A.J.; Chappuis, C. Vocal mimicry in wild African grey parrots Psittacus erithacus [sonograms recorded at Botsima, in the Salonga National Park, Zaire]. Annalen-Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika. Zool. Wet. 1993, 1993, BE9400570. [Google Scholar]
- Auersperg, A.M.; Borasinski, S.; Laumer, I.; Kacelnik, A. Goffin’s cockatoos make the same tool type from different materials. Biol. Lett. 2016, 12, 20160689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Auersperg, A.M.I.; Köck, C.; O’Hara, M.; Huber, L. Tool making cockatoos adjust the lengths but not the widths of their tools to function. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0205429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Hara, M.; Mioduszewska, B.; Haryoko, T.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Huber, L.; Auersperg, A. Extraction without tooling around—The first comprehensive description of the foraging-and socio-ecology of wild Goffin’s cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana). Behaviour 2019, 56, 661–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Griffin, D.R. Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behav. Brain Sci. 1978, 4, 527–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marler, P. Social Cognition. Curr. Ornithol. 1996, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ricklefs, R.E. The cognitive face of avian life histories. Wilson Bull. 2004, 116, 119–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olkowicz, S.; Kocourek, M.; Lucan, R.K.; Portes, M.; Fitch, W.T.; Herculano-Houzel, S.; Nemec, P. Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 7255–7260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Morimoto, Y.; Fujita, K. Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) modify their own behaviors according to a conspecific’s emotional expressions. Primates 2011, 52, 279–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kemp, C.; Kaplan, G. Facial expressions in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and their use by conspecifics. Anim. Cog. 2013, 16, 773–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caeiro, C.C.; Waller, B.M.; Zimmermann, E.; Burrows, A.M.; Davila-Ross, M. Orang FACS: A muscle- based facial movement coding system for orangutans (Pongo spp.). Int. J. Primat. 2012, 34, 115–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vick, S.J.; Waller, B.M.; Parr, L.A.; Pasqualini, M.C.; Bard, K.A. A cross-species comparison of facial morphology and movement in humans and chimpanzees using the facial action coding system (FACS). J. Nonverbal Behav. 2007, 31, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Julle-Daniere, E.; Micheletta, J.; Whitehouse, J.; Joly, M.; Gass, C.; Burrows, A.M.; Waller, B.M. MaqFACS (Macaque Facial Action Coding System) can be used to document facial movements in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). PeerJ 2015, 3, e1248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Waller, B.M.; Lembeck, M.; Kuchenbuch, P.; Burrows, A.M.; Liebal, K. GibbonFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for hylobatids. Intern. J. Primatol. 2012, 33, 809–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waller, B.M.; Whitehouse, J.; Micheletta, J. Rethinking primate facial expression: A predictive framework. Neurosc. Biobehav. Rev. 2017, 82, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Waller, B.M.; Micheletta, J. Facial expression in nonhuman animals. Emot. Rev. 2013, 5, 54–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shettleworth, S.J. Memory and hippocampal specialization in food-storing birds: Challenges for research on comparative cognition. Brain Behav. Evol. 2003, 62, 108–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clayton, N.C.; Vallortigara, G.; Emery, N.J. Comparative Vertebrate Cognition: Are Primates Superior to Non-Primates, 1st ed.; Rogers, L.J., Kaplan, G., Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: London, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Jarvis, E.D.; Güntürkün, O.; Bruce, L.; Csillag, A.; Karten, H.; Kuenzel, W.; Medina, L.; Paxinos, G.; Perkel, D.J.; Shimizu, T.; et al. Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution. Nat. Rev. Neurosc. 2005, 6, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Salwiczek, L.H.; Watanabe, A.; Clayton, N.S. Ten years of research into avian models of episodic-like memory and its implications for developmental and comparative cognition. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 215, 221–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Homberger, D.G.; de Silva, K.N. The role of mechanical forces on the patterning of the avian feather-bearing skin: A biomechanical analysis of the integumentary musculature in birds. J. Exp. Zool. Part B 2003, 298B, 123–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benitez-Quiroz, C.F.; Srinivasan, R.; Martinez, A.M. Facial color is an efficient mechanism to visually transmit emotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, 3581–3586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Bertin, A.; Beraud, A.; Lansade, L.; Blache, M.-C.; Diot, A.; Mulot, B.; Arnould, C. Facial display and blushing: Means of visual communication in blue- and-yellow macaws (Ara Ararauna)? PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0201762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaplan, G. Tawny Frogmouth; CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, VCT, Australia, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Dalziell, A.H.; Welbergen, J.A.; Igic, B.; Magrath, R.D. Avian vocal mimicry: A unified conceptual framework. Biol. Rev. 2015, 90, 643–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaplan, G. Babbling in a bird shows same stages as in human infants: The importance of the ‘Social’ in vocal development. Trends Dev. Biol. 2017, 10, 97–123. [Google Scholar]
- Chakraborty, M.; Jarvis, E.D. Brain evolution by brain pathway duplication. Philos. Trans. Roy Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2015, 370, 20150056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Güntürkün, O.; Bugnyar, T. Cognition without cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2016, 20, 291–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaplan, G. Bird Bonds. Sex, Mate-Choice and Cognition. In Australian Native Birds; Pan Macmillan: Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Kleiner, K. Review: Steven Wise’s “Drawing the Line”: Science and the Cases for Animal Rights; Perseus Books: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Plumwood, V. Human exceptionalism and the limitations of animals: A review of Raimond Gaita’s “The philosopher’s dog”. Aust. Humanit. Rev. 2007, 42, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Gaita, R. The Philosopher’s Dog; The Text Publishing Comp: Melbourne, VCT, Australia, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Bekoff, M. Animal emotions: Exploring passionate natures. Bioscience 2000, 50, 861–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birch, J. Review Essay: The place of animals in Kantian ethics Christine, M.Korsgaard. Fellow creatures: Our obligations to other animals. Biol. Philos. 2020, 35, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kaplan, G. Of Great Apes and Magpies: Initiations into Animal Behaviour. Animals 2020, 10, 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122369
Kaplan G. Of Great Apes and Magpies: Initiations into Animal Behaviour. Animals. 2020; 10(12):2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122369
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaplan, Gisela. 2020. "Of Great Apes and Magpies: Initiations into Animal Behaviour" Animals 10, no. 12: 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122369