Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sites and Sampling
2.2. Bacterial Extraction
2.3. DNA Extraction and Targeted 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing
2.4. Phenotype Fingerprinting with Biolog EcoPlate™
2.5. Measurement of Soil Components
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Components
3.2. Diversity Indices
3.3. Bacterial Phylogenetic Diversity
3.4. Community-Level Physiological Profiling by Biolog EcoPlates
3.5. Correlations between Biological and Geochemical Data
3.6. Principal Component Analysis
3.7. Significant Differences between Microbial Parameters
3.8. Poa annua Core Microbiome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Site | Geographical Coordinates | Distance to the Sea | Altitude | Structure of Vegetation | Landform and Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 52°06′22″ N 21°05′56″ E Powsin, Poland | 285 km | 90 m.a.s.l. | Poa annua (90%) and Poa pratensis (10%). | Rubble path, sand, and sandstone. Dry site, sheltered away from sources of nutrients. |
P2 | 52°06′29″ N 21°05′33″ E Powsin, Poland | 285 km | 95 m.a.s.l. | Poa annua (30%), Malus domestica (10%), Trifolium arvense (30%), Sonchus oleraceus L. (10%), Sonchus arvensis (20%). | Soil, mechanically altered by human activities. Wet site, fertile, extra fertilization once a year with an animal post-food mass. |
P3 | 62°09′35″ S 58°28′26″ W Arctowski Station, Antarctica | 120 m | 0.5 m.a.s.l., | Colobanthus quitensis (15%), Deschampsia antarctica (25%), Poa annua (10%), mosses (25%) and fruticose, foliose and crustose lichens (25%). | Base station, soil mechanically altered by human activities; Skeletic Eutric Fluvisol (Turbic) The site is strongly influenced by marine aerosols, moist, with large human influence. |
P4 | 62°10′05″ S 58°27′46″ W Ecology Glacier foreland, Antarctica | 20 m | 0.5 m.a.s.l., | Mosses (40%), fruticose and foliose lichens (40%), Colobanthus quitensis (10%) and Deschampsia antarctica (10%). | Fluted moraine; Eutric Skeletic Protic Regosol (Turbic). Dry site, sheltered away from sources of nutrients with a little influence of marine aerosols. |
P5 | 62°09′33″ S 58°28′25″ W Arctowski Station, Antarctica | 100 m | 0.5 m.a.s.l., | Colobanthus quitensis (15%), Deschampsia antarctica (25%), Poa annua (10%), mosses (25%) and fruticose, foliose and crustose lichens (25%). | Base station, soil, mechanically altered by human activities; Skeletic Eutric Fluvisol (Turbic) The site is medium influenced by marine aerosols, moist, with large human influence, especially by using big vehicles. |
Soil Components | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (mgNO3/100 g) | 17.4 | 27.5 | 8.8 | 16.3 | 7.7 |
P (mgP2O5/100 g) | 6.0 | 219.2 | 5.6 | 15.1 | 4.9 |
K (mg K2O/100 g) | 36.1 | 252.8 | 31.1 | 55.8 | 31.9 |
Mg (mg Mg/100 g) | 38.4 | 185.4 | 244.7 | 205 | 250.7 |
Ca (mg Ca/100 g) | >5000 | 2024.6 | 498.0 | 1020.1 | 533.3 |
Na (mg Na/100 g) | 4.9 | 4.0 | >150 | >150 | >150 |
Salinity (g NaCl/L) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
pH | 7.8 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.4 |
Mn (mg Mn/kg) | 52.8 | 218.1 | 147.5 | 132.1 | 155.5 |
Zn (mg Zn/kg) | 5.9 | >50 | >50 | 9.2 | >50 |
Cu (mg Cu/kg) | 2.7 | 5.7 | 21.8 | >30 | 29.8 |
Fe (mg Fe/kg) | 389.4 | 1502.5 | 4412.6 | 4670.2 | 4269.8 |
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Znój, A.; Grzesiak, J.; Gawor, J.; Gromadka, R.; Chwedorzewska, K.J. Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island). Microorganisms 2021, 9, 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040811
Znój A, Grzesiak J, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Chwedorzewska KJ. Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island). Microorganisms. 2021; 9(4):811. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040811
Chicago/Turabian StyleZnój, Anna, Jakub Grzesiak, Jan Gawor, Robert Gromadka, and Katarzyna J. Chwedorzewska. 2021. "Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island)" Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040811