Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany—A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Studies on Resistance Development in Humans (2000–2018)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Search Strategy
2.2. Selection Criteria and Data Extraction
2.3. Data Acquisition and Analysis
2.4. Relative Research Interest
3. Results
3.1. Data Analysis
3.2. Temporal Distribution of the Analyzed Studies
3.3. Spatial Distribution of the Analyzed Studies Based on Geographical Location of Sampling
3.4. Official Data Concerning the Infection and Epidemiology of Acinetobacter in Germany
3.5. Identification of A. baumannii and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST)
3.6. Resistance Development of A. baumannii
3.7. Resistance Genes in A. baumannii
3.8. Clonality and Sequence Typing
3.9. The Risk Factors Associated with A. baumannii Infections
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref | First Author | Yr. of Report | Sampling Date | Location of Sampling | Study Population | Sample Type | No. Of Strains/Cases | Type of Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[21] | (Katchanov et al., 2018) | 2018 | Sep. 2015 till Aug. 2016 | Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg | 119 Individual patients | Pneumonia and bloodstream infection | 18 patients | Retrospective analysis |
[18] | (Wendel et al., 2018) | 2018 | Apr. 2017 till Mar. 2018 | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | 44 Individual patients | Rectal and nose/throat swabs, tracheal secretion and patients environment | 43/48 isolates | Retrospective analysis |
[22] | (Kerz et al., 2018) | 2018 | ND | Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate | One patient | Blood culture and CSF | 1 case | Case report |
[23] | (Papan et al., 2018) | 2018 | Feb. till Dec. 2015 | Munich, Bavaria | 29 Individual patients | Wound, skin abscess, burn, synovial and thoracic drainage | 1 isolate | Routine bacterial diagnosis |
[24] | (Lohr et al., 2018) | 2018 | Aug. 2016 till Jan. 2017 | NMC, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse | 67 Libyan war victims | Rectal, nasopharyngeal and inguinal swabs and wounds | 15 isolates | Prevalence and investigation |
[25] | (Tafelski et al., 2017) | 2017 | ND | Berlin, Berlin | 1 patient | Cranial wound | 1 isolate | Case report |
[26] | (Rieber et al., 2017) | 2017 | Feb. 2008 till Jan. 2012 | North Rhine-Westphalia | 22/44 hospitals | Respiratory tract, wound, urine, vascular, joint, catheter, blood, intraoperative tissue, pharyngeal swabs | 79/1167 isolates | Investigation study |
[27] | (Reinheimer et al., 2016) | 2016 | Jun. till Dec. 2015 | UHF, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse | 143 refugee, 1489 residents | Rectal swabs | 4 isolates | Investigation study |
[28] | (Pfeifer et al., 2016) | 2016 | Jul. 2012 till Sep. 2013 | Hospitals in Hesse and Bavaria | 2 Russian patients | Intraoperative wound swab | 3 isolates | Case report |
[29] | (Huenges et al., 2016) | 2016 | ND | Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein | 1 patient | Skin swab and urine | 1 case | Case report |
[30] | (Molter et al., 2016) | 2016 | 7 Dec. 2011 till 24 Jan. 2012 | Leverkusen | Outbreak, 10 patients | Throat, groin, trachea | 10 cases | Outbreak investigation |
[31] | (Willems et al., 2016) | 2016 | Oct. 2013 till Mar. 2014 | Muenster, North Rhine-Westphalia | 2 ICUs at UH | Skin, central intravenous catheter, respiratory samples | 32 isolates | Routine surveillance study |
[32] | (Ghebremedhin et al., 2016) | 2016 | ND | UH Bochum and Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia | Strain collection | Culture isolates from laboratories | 38 isolates | Diagnostic study |
[33] | (Hischebeth et al., 2015) | 2015 | ND | UH Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia | 1 patient | Hip joint infection | 1 isolate | Case report |
[34] | (Dersch et al., 2015) | 2015 | ND | Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg | 1 patient | Catheter associated ventriculitis/CSF | 1 isolate | Case report |
[35] | (Leistner et al., 2015) | 2015 | Jan. 2012 till Dec. 2013 | Berlin, Berlin | 213 Libyan patients | Rectal and nasal swabs | 4 cases | Prevalence and investigation |
[36] | (Hauri et al., 2015) | 2015 | Jan. 2012 till Sep. 2014 | Hesse | Laboratories information | Notification cases | 185 complex | Data survey |
[17] | (Siemers et al., 2014) | 2014 | 24 Dec. 2012 till 16 Jan. 2013 | Burn center in Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt | Outbreak, 7 patients | Nasal and throat swabs, blood, skin and wounds | 7 cases | Outbreak investigation |
[19] | (Gottig et al., 2014) | 2014 | Dec. 2013 | Frankfurt, Hesse | 1 patient | Skin and rectal swab | 1 PDR strain | Case report |
[37] | (Lahmer et al., 2014) | 2014 | ND | Munich, Bavaria | Outbreak, 6 patients | Blood culture, bronchoalveolar lavage and ascites | 6 cases | Outbreak investigation |
[38] | (Kleinkauf et al., 2014) | 2014 | Apr. 2012 till Mar. 2013 | Frankfurt/Main, Hesse | Health care facilities | Notification cases, mainly wound swabs | 28 cases | Descriptive analysis of data |
[39] | (Schleicher et al., 2013) | 2013 | 2005, 2007 and 2009 | ND | 15 Diagnostic laboratories | Respiratory tract, wound, intra-abdominal, blood culture | 140 isolates | Surveillance study |
[40] | (Kaase, 2012a) | 2012 | 2011 | multi-centric study, NRL for MDRGNB, Bochum | Strain collection | Respiratory, wound, urine and blood culture | 292 isolates | Surveillance study |
[41] | (Kaase, 2012b) | 2012 | 2011 | Nationwide (16 States), NRL for MDRGNB, Bochum | Strain collection | ND | 287 isolates | Surveillance study |
[42] | (Pfeifer et al., 2011) | 2011 | 2007 | ND | 1 patient | ND | 1 isolate 161/07 | Investigation study |
[43] | (Wagner et al., 2011) | 2011 | ND | Leipzig, Saxony | 1 patient | Deep wound | 1 isolate | Case report |
[44] | (Higgins et al., 2010) | 2010 | ND | Cologne UH, North Rhine-Westphalia | 1 patient | Respiratory, blood and bedsore | 33 isolates | Case report |
[45] | (Aivazova et al., 2010) | 2010 | ND | LMU, Munich, Bavaria | 1 patient | Vaginal smear | 1 isolate | Case report |
[46] | (Wadl et al., 2010) | 2010 | 2002 till 2006 | Thuringia, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Schleswig– Holstein | 4 from 6 University hospitals | Respiratory, blood, urine, non-specific | 1190 isolates | Retrospective and descriptive analysis of data |
[47] | (Gottig et al., 2010) | 2010 | 2007 | UHF, Frankfurt, Hesse | 1 patient | Skin, tracheal secretion, vessels prosthesis and wound | ND | Case report |
[15] | (Frickmann et al., 2010) | 2010 | ND | UH Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Outbreak, 7 patients | Medical devices, patient associated objectives, room equipment, urine, blood, testicular smear, lower respiratory, buccal swab, skin lesions | 13 isolates | Outbreak investigation |
[48] | (Pfeifer, 2010) | 2010 | 2007 | South-Western Germany | Hospital | ND | Ten isolates | Case report |
[49] | (Seifert and Dowzicky, 2009) | 2009 | 2004–2007 | Throug out Germany | 13 Centers | ND | 187 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
[50] | (Kresken et al., 2009) | 2009 | 2007 | Throug out Germany | 15 Centers | Peritoneal cavity, respiratory, blood, urine and wound | 117 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
[16] | (Kohlenberg et al., 2009) | 2009 | 18 Jun till 31 Aug. 2006 | ND | Outbreak, 39 patients | Wound, lower respiratory (one from each infusion pump, oxygen mask, hand of health care worker) | 39 isolates | Outbreak investigation |
[51] | (Rodloff et al., 2008) | 2008 | Jan. 2004 till Aug. 2006 | Throug out Germany | 7 Medical centers | Blood, wound, skin, urine, respiratory | 86 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
[52] | (Weyrich et al., 2006) | 2006 | ND | UH, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg | 1 patient | Blood culture | 1 case | Case report |
[53] | (Schulte et al., 2005) | 2005 | ND | South-Western Germany | 2 patients | Blood culture, excised tissue from fracture patella | 2 isolates | Case report |
[54] | (Brauers et al., 2005) | 2005 | ND | Throug out Germany + HU in Cologne, Freiburg, Leipzig | 13 Laboratories | Blood culture, respiratory and urine | 395 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
[14] | (Borgmann et al., 2004) | 2004 | Feb. until Mar. 2003 | UH, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg | Outbreak, 14 patients | Wound, skin, respiratory | 250 isolates | Outbreak investigation |
[55] | (Higgins et al., 2004b) | 2004 | 1991–1992 | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | 2 Hospital outbreaks | Urine, blood culture | 34 cases | Outbreak investigation |
[56] | (Frank et al., 2003) | 2003 | ND | Throug out Germany | 19 Laboratories | Urinary, respiratory tract, wound, blood | 51 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
[57] | (Andermahr et al., 2002) | 2002 | Jun. 1996 till Jun 2001 | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | 266 patients | Tracheal aspirate | 41 cases | Routine bacterial diagnosis |
[58] | (Heinemann et al., 2000) | 2000 | Jul. 1990 till Dec. 1998 | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | Outbreaks and sporadic cases | Blood, urine, wound, tracheal secretion | 47 isolates | Evaluation of antibiotic activities |
Year of Report | No. of Outbreaks | No. of Cases | No. of Deaths | No. of Infection | Incidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 5 | 18 | 5 | 784 | 0.9 |
2017 | 7 | 41 | 11 | 794 | 1.0 |
2016 | 10 | 38 | 8 | - | - |
2015 | 8 | 56 | 27 | - | - |
2014 | 6 | 29 | 1 | - | - |
2013 | 14 | 67 | 4 | - | - |
2012 | 13 | 86 | 9 | - | - |
2011 | - | - | - | - | - |
2010 | - | - | - | - | - |
No. | References | Sampling Date | Resistant Antibiotics | Susceptible Antibiotics | Resistance Genes | ST/IC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[21] | (Katchanov et al., 2018) | Sep. 2015 till Aug. 2016 | MDR, carbapenem-resistant | Colistin in all tested ten isolates | Ten isolates carry blaOXA-23 | ND |
[18] | (Wendel et al., 2018) | Apr. 2017 till Mar. 2018 | Two strains were carbapenem-resistant | Carbapenem-2.1. Historical glance on the situation in human | Cephalosporinase-encoding blaADC-25-like, blaOXA-106-like, blaOXA-51 | ND |
[22] | (Kerz et al., 2018) | ND | Carbapenemase-producing (Meropenem > 32 mg/L) | Colistin < 1 mg/L | blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 | ND |
[23] | (Papan et al., 2018) | Feb. till Dec. 2015 | One strain was carbapenem-resistant | ND | blaOXA-24/40 | ND |
[24] | (Lohr et al., 2018) | Aug. 2016 till Jan. 2017 | Carbapenemase-producing | ND | blaOXA-23 (n = 9), blaNDM (n = 2), blaNDM+OXA-51-ISAbaI (n = 4), TEM and PMQR gene aac(6`)-Ib-cr | ND |
[25] | (Tafelski et al., 2017) | ND | MDR, imipenem, meropenem ceftriaxone, amikacin, cotrimoxazole, fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin. | Colistin < 0.5 mg/L and tobramycin | ND | ND |
[26] | (Rieber et al., 2017) | Feb. 2008 till Jan. 2012 | ESBL, Carbapenem-resistant, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin | Polymyxin B | blaOXA-23 (n = 66), blaOXA-80 (n = 1), blaOXA-82 (n = 3), TEM-like (n = 62), GES-11 (n = 1), PER-1 (n = 1); blaOXA-51-like (OXA-51, OXA-66, OXA-69) | ND |
[27] | (Reinheimer et al., 2016) | Jun. till Dec. 2015 | Three strains were carbapenem-resistant from refugee and one from residents | ND | blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-24 in refugee and blaOXA-51 in resident | IC-2 |
[28] | (Pfeifer et al., 2016) | Jul. 2012 till Sep. 2013 | Penicillin/inhibitor combinations, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. | Colistin | blaOXA-40/24 related blaOXA-72, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-90, ESBL-blaCTX-M-2-like genes and blaCTX-M-115 | IC-2, IC-6, ST944/ST78 ST348/ST2 |
[29] | (Huenges et al., 2016) | ND | 4MRGN-ab, intermediate to carbapenems | Colistin | ND | ND |
[30] | (Molter et al., 2016) | 7 Dec. 2011 till 24 Jan. 2012 | Carbapenems, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin; variable to tigecycline (≤0.5 to 4 mg/L) and amikacin (4 to ≥ 64 mg/L). | Colistin (MIC 0.5–1 mg/L) | blaOXA-51-like and blaOXA-23-like | IC-2, ST195 and ST218 |
[31] | (Willems et al., 2016) | Oct. 2013 till Mar. 2014 | MDR, piperacillin, 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones | Carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem | ND | ND |
[32] | (Ghebremedhin et al., 2016) | ND | Carbapenemase-producing | ND | blaOXA-23, blaOXA-40, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-72, blaOXA-164, blaNDM-1, GIM-1, VIP-2 and VIM-2 | ND |
[33] | (Hischebeth et al., 2015) | ND | Carbapenemase-producing, meropenem (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L) and imipenem (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L), tobramycin (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L) gentamicin (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L) | Colistin only (MIC ≤ 0.5 mg/L) | blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51-like. | IC-2 |
[34] | (Dersch et al., 2015) | ND | MDR | Colistin | ND | ND |
[35] | (Leistner et al., 2015) | Jan. 2012 till Dec. 2013 | ESBL, Carbapenem-resistant, Imipenem and Meropenem (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L), Ertapenem (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L). | ND | blaOXA-23, TEM-1, GES-11; PMQR genes (aac(6´)1b-cr) | ND |
[36] | (Hauri et al., 2015) | Jan. 2012 till Sep. 2014 | 4MRGN, acylureidopenicillins, 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolone. | ND | blaOXA-23 and blaNDM | ND |
[17] | (Siemers et al., 2014) | 24 Dec. till 2012 to 16 Jan. 2013 | 4MRGN, acylureidopenicillins, 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolone. | Colistin | blaOXA-58 | ND |
[19] | (Gottig et al., 2014) | Dec. 2013 | PDR, penicillins/β-lactamase inhibitors, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, folate pathway inhibitors and polymyxins, including colistin (MIC > 128 mg/L) and tigecycline (MIC > 8 mg/L), chloramphenicol and fosfomycin | Intermediately susceptible to minocycline (MIC 8 mg/L) | BlaOXA-23, blaOXA-51-like (blaOXA-61) | IC-2 |
[37] | (Lahmer et al., 2014) | ND | MDR, Carbapenem-resistant | Tigecycline and colistin | ND | ND |
[38] | (Kleinkauf et al., 2014) | Apr. 2012 till Mar. 2013 | Carbapenem-resistant | blaOXA-23-like and blaNDM-1 | ND | |
[39] | (Schleicher et al., 2013) | 2005, 2007 and 2009 | Non-susceptible to carbapenem and imipenem | ND | blaOXA-58-like and blaOXA-23-like. | IC-2, IC-1, IC-4, IC-7 |
[40] | (Kaase, 2012a) | 2011 | Carbapenem-resistant, imipenem and meropenem, | ND | blaOXA-23, blaOXA-72, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-164, NDM-1, ISAba1 insertion blaOXA-51 and GES-11 | ND |
[41] | (Kaase, 2012b) | 2011 | Carbapenem-resistant, imipenem and meropenem, | ND | blaOXA-23, blaOXA-72, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-164, NDM-1, ISAba1 insertion blaOXA-51 and GES-11 | ND |
[42] | (Pfeifer et al., 2011) | 2007 | MDR, imipenem and meropenem, ertapenem (MIC >32 mg/L), tigecycline (MIC1 mg/L) | Colistin (MIC 0.38 mg/L) | blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-64 | IC-7 |
[43] | (Wagner et al., 2011) | ND | MDR, ampicillin + sulbactam, piperacillin + tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam, ertapenem, amikacin, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. | Imipenem and tobramycin | ND | ND |
[44] | (Higgins et al., 2010) | ND | Cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam and ampicillin-sulbactam, imipenem, meropenem. Amikacin variable (MIC ≤ 2 and ≥ 32 mg/L), tigecycline variable (MIC 2 and ≥ 8 µg/mL). | Colistin (MIC ≤1 µg/mL) and tobramycin (MIC ≤ 1 µg/mL) | blaOXA-51-like (blaOXA-69), blaOXA-58-like variant (novel blaOXA-164 and blaOXA-58). adeB, adeJ, novel adeR mutation | IC-1 |
[45] | (Aivazova et al., 2010) | ND | ND | Meropenem | ND | ND |
[46] | (Wadl et al., 2010) | 2002 till 2006 | 66 are MDR, beta-lactams (piperacillin/ tazobactam), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefepime), Aminoglycosides (tobramycin, gentamicin) and trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole combination cotrimoxazole. | Lowest resistance in carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem) and beta-lactams (ampicillin/sulbactam). | ND | ND |
[47] | (Gottig et al., 2010) | 2007 | Carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tigecycline, aztreonam, | Colistin (MIC ≤ 1 µg/mL) | blaNDM-1 | ND |
[15] | (Frickmann et al., 2010) | ND | MDR (ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, tobramycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tigecycline, doripenem, cefepime, ertapenem, moxifloxacin, fosfomycin, aztreonam). | Colistin | ND | ST22, ST53 |
[48] | (Pfeifer, 2010) | 2007 | MDR, carbapenems | Colistin (MIC 0.25 µg/mL) | blaNDM-1 | ND |
[49] | (Seifert and Dowzicky, 2009) | 2004–2007 | Ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (MIC ≥ 64 µg/mL), ceftriaxone (MIC ≥ 128 µg/mL) and cefepime (MIC 32 µg/mL) | Tigecycline, amikacin and minocycline (MIC ≤1 µg/mL), imipenem, meropenem, levofloxacin, | ND | ND |
[50] | (Kresken et al., 2009) | 2007 | Imipenem (11.1%), ciprofloxacin (27.4%), gentamycin (22.2%) | Tigecycline (MIC ≤ 0.25/1 µg/mL) | ND | ND |
[16] | (Kohlenberg et al., 2009) | 18 Jun till 31 Aug. 2006 | Carbapenem-resistant, penicillins, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, tigecycline (4 mg/L), imipenem and meropenem (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L) | Colistin (MIC ≤ 0.5 mg/L) and amikacin (MIC 4–8 mg/L). Two isolates susceptible to imipenem | blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like intrinsic blaOXA-51 | IC-2 |
[51] | (Rodloff et al., 2008) | Jan. 2004 till Aug. 2006 | ND | Tigecycline (MIC ≤ 1 mg/L), >80% for amikacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem (MIC 1 mg/L), levofloxacin, minocycline, piperacillin-tazobactam. | ND | ND |
[52] | (Weyrich et al., 2006) | ND | MDR, penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, macrolides and carbapenems (imipenem and imipenem/EDTA | Colistin | Metallo-ß-lactamase | ND |
[53] | (Schulte et al., 2005) | ND | Carbapenems, meropenem, penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones | ND | Metallo-ß-lactamase | ND |
[54] | (Brauers et al., 2005) | ND | MIC ≥ 64 mg/L in amoxicillin-clavulanate combinations, piperacillin-tazobactam and cefotaxime | Ampicillin-sulbactam and piperacillin-sulbactam (MIC ≤ 0.06 mg/L), meropenem (MIC ≤ 1 mg/L) | ND | ND |
[14] | (Borgmann et al., 2004) | Feb. until Mar. 2003 | MDR, gentamicin, aztreonam, piperacillin, piperacillin/ tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, tetracycline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and fosfomycin | Tobramycin, amikacin and colistin | Metallo-ß-lactamase | ND |
[55] | (Higgins et al., 2004b) | 1991–1992 | Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, meropenem, netilmicin, tetracycline, tobramycin, clarithromycin | ND | gyrA and parC mutation, up-regulation of adeB gene | ND |
[56] | (Frank et al., 2003) | ND | ND | Piperacillin-sulbactam | ND | ND |
[57] | (Andermahr et al., 2002) | Jun. 1996 till Jun 2001 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
[58] | (Heinemann et al., 2000) | Jul. 1990 till Dec. 1998 | Novel quinolones superior to ciprofloxacin | Clinafloxacin most active | ND | ND |
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Wareth, G.; Brandt, C.; Sprague, L.D.; Neubauer, H.; Pletz, M.W. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany—A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Studies on Resistance Development in Humans (2000–2018). Microorganisms 2020, 8, 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030375
Wareth G, Brandt C, Sprague LD, Neubauer H, Pletz MW. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany—A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Studies on Resistance Development in Humans (2000–2018). Microorganisms. 2020; 8(3):375. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030375
Chicago/Turabian StyleWareth, Gamal, Christian Brandt, Lisa D. Sprague, Heinrich Neubauer, and Mathias W. Pletz. 2020. "Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany—A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Studies on Resistance Development in Humans (2000–2018)" Microorganisms 8, no. 3: 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030375