Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Potential Mechanisms of Action
2.1. Effects against Pathogenic Bacteria
2.1.1. Escherichia coli
2.1.2. Cronobacter sakazakii
2.1.3. Clostridioides difficile
2.1.4. Salmonella spp.
2.2. Effects against Viruses
2.2.1. Influenza
2.2.2. Rotavirus
2.2.3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
2.3. Effects against Candida spp.
2.4. Effect against Common Pediatric Infectious Diseases with Unknown Cause
2.5. Effects against Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Targeted Pathogen | Probiotic Bacteria | Preparation | Type of Study | Bioactivity or Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | Lactobacillus acidophilus EMCC 1324 (La) *, Lactobacillus helveticus EMCC 1654 (Lh), Lactobacillus plantarum ss. plantarum EMCC 1027 (Lp), Lactobacillus rhamnosus EMCC 1105 (Lr), Bifidobacterium longum EMCC 1547 (BL), Bifidobacterium bifidum EMCC 1334 (Bb) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS or milk fermented by probiotics | In vitro | CFS of MRS fermented by all probiotics resulted in inhibition of two multiresistant E. coli (WW1 and IC2) biofilm formation; CFSM of milk fermented by B. longum and L. helveticus reduced E. coli WW1 biofilm | [56] |
Bifidobacterium bifidum BBA1 and Bifidobacterium crudilactis FR/62/B/3 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) from probiotics grown in media supplemented with 3′-sialyllactose (major bovine milk oligosaccharide) | In vitro | Both CFSs induced a significant decrease in virulence gene expression of E. coli O157:H7 | [57] | |
Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of modified MRS fermented by probiotic | HeLa and macrophage cell lines | Downregulated virulence genes in E. coli O157:H7; inhibited its adhesion to HeLa cell line | [58] | |
Lactobacillus acidophilus LB | Heat-inactivated probiotic with its spent culture supernatant (SCS) | Caco-2 cell culture | Inhibited E. coli ETEC adhesion | [59] | |
Lactobacillus acidophilus LB | Heat-inactivated probiotic with its spent culture supernatant (SCS) | Caco-2 cell culture | Inhibited cell association and cell invasion of E. coli ETEC, DAEC, and EPEC | [60] | |
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotics | Monitoring bacterial growth | Inhibited the growth of E. coli ETEC and EPEC | [61] | |
Lactobacillus acidophilus RY2, Lactobacillus salivarius MM1, Lactobacillus paracasei En4 | Spent culture supernatant (SCS) from bacteria grown in MRS + cystein | Colony count assay | Inhibited growth of E. coli ETEC | [62] | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotic | Caco-2 cell culture | Blocked adhesion, invasion, and translocation of E. coli K1 | [63] | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Novel secreted protein (HM0539) present in the CFS | Infected Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats | Promoted the development of neonatal intestinal defense and prevented against E. coli K1 pathogenesis | [64] | |
Cronobacter sakazakii | Lactobacillus acidophilus INMIA 9602 Er 317/402 strain Narine | Heat-inactivated probiotic | Agar well diffusion method | Inhibited the growth of C. sakazakii in contaminated reconstructed powdered infant formula | [65] |
Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (Yakult); Lactobacillus sporongenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus (Bifilac; cells); Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus sporongenes, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus (Vibact; spores); Lactobacillus sporongenes (Caplac; spores) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) from isolated probiotics | In vitro | Four probiotic-derived CFS (filtered and filtered + heat inactivated) possessed antimicrobial activity against C. sakazakii; a higher biofilm inhibitory activity (> 80%) was observed at initial stages of biofilm formation | [66] | |
Clostridioides difficile | Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by lactic acid bacteria | Caco-2 cell culture | Diminished the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines induced by the cell-free supernatant of C. difficile | [67] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) and cell lysate (sonicated and filtered) of co-cultured toxigenic C. difficile with LGG | Vero cell culture | Decreased the cytotoxic effect of both extracellular and intracellular clostridial toxins resulting in up to 30% increase in cell viability | [68] | |
Salmonella spp. | Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of modified MRS fermented by probiotic | HeLa and macrophage cell lines | Downregulated virulence genes in S. Typhimurium; inhibited its adhesion to HeLa cell line; diminished the ability of Salmonella to survive and multiply within macrophages | [58] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus LB | Heat-inactivated probiotic with its spent culture supernatant (SCS) | Caco-2 cell culture | Inhibited cell association and cell invasion of S. typhimurium | [60] | |
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotics | Monitoring bacterial growth | Inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and/or Salmonella typhi | [61] | |
Lactobacillus paracasei B21060 | Supernatant of lactic acid bacteria grown in MRS | Ex vivo organ culture model | Inhibited the inflammatory potential of Salmonella and conditioned the epithelium against Salmonella invasion | [69] | |
Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotics | Coculture of dendritic and Caco-2 cells | Increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence of Salmonella typhi | [70] | |
Influenza | Lactobacillus plantarum YML009 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by lactic acid bacteria | MDCK cells and hemagglutination assay | Displayed a significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1 and was more effective than Tamiflu | [71] |
Leuconostoc mesenteroides YML003 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by lactic acid bacteria | MDCK cells and hemagglutination assay | Demonstrated antiviral activity against low-pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) | [72] | |
Rotavirus | Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 | Heat-treated fermented milk containing the prebiotic mixture scGOS/lcFOS | Rotavirus-infected Lewis rats | Reduced the incidence and severity of the rotaviral diarrhea; enhanced the host’s immune system | [18] |
Lactobacilus rhamnosus GG | Orally administered heat-inactivated probiotic | Children under the age of 4 with rotavirus diarrhea | Rotavirus diarrhea recovery was equal for both viable and heat-inactivated probiotic-receiving groups | [73] | |
Human immunodeficiency virus | Lactic acid bacteria isolated from human milk | Heat-inactivated lactic acid bacteria | TZM-bl cells | Significantly inhibited R5-tropic HIV-1 infection | [74] |
Candida spp. | Four LAB isolated from honey (Lactobacillus plantarum HS, Pediococcus acidilactici HC, Lactobacillus curvatus HH, and Pediococcus pentosaceus HM) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotics | Microtiter plate method | Decreased the biofilm formation by Candida spp. | [75] |
Lactobacillus crispatus B1-BC8, Lactobacillus gasseri BC9-BC14, Lactobacillus vaginalis BC15-BC17 | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by probiotics | HeLa cells | Reduced the adhesion of Candida spp. | [76] | |
Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334, Lactobacilus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) | Cell-free supernatant (CFS; filtered) of MRS fermented by lactic acid bacteria | Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test | Exhibited antifungal activity against blastoconidia and biofilm of Candida albicans | [77] | |
Common pediatric infectious diseases with unknown cause | L. paracasei CBA L74 | Heat-treated fermented cow’s skim milk powder | Healthy children aged 1–4 years in daycare or preschool | Consumption was associated with a reduction of common infectious disease | [17] |
L. paracasei CBA L74 | Heat-treated fermented cow’s milk or rice | Healthy children aged 1–4 years attending daycare or preschool | Prevented common pediatric infectious diseases in children after 3 months of consumption | [78] | |
Bifidobacterium breve C50, Streptococcus thermophilus 065 | Heat-treated fermented infant formula | Healthy children aged 4–6 months | Did not prevent the incidence of acute diarrhea in healthy infants but reduced its severity | [79] | |
Necrotizing enterocolitis | Six human strains of Bifidobacterium breve | Whey retentate from fermented cow’s milk | SPF C3H male mice, healthy volunteers aged 21–35 years | Led to a decrease in clostridia, bacilli, B. fragilis, and fecal pH, as well as to an increase in bifidobacteria | [80] |
Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 | Heat-treated fermented milk powder | C57/BL6 mice | Strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and protected against colitis or enteric pathogens in vivo | [43] | |
Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 | Orally administered heat-inactivated probiotic | Male SPF BALB/c mice | Enhanced antigen-specific IgA secretion and induced follicular helper T cells | [81] | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 | Orally administered UV-killed probiotic | Newborn mice and premature piglets | Attenuated necrotizing enterocolitis severity | [82] |
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Mantziari, A.; Salminen, S.; Szajewska, H.; Malagón-Rojas, J.N. Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101510
Mantziari A, Salminen S, Szajewska H, Malagón-Rojas JN. Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(10):1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101510
Chicago/Turabian StyleMantziari, Anastasia, Seppo Salminen, Hania Szajewska, and Jeadran Nevardo Malagón-Rojas. 2020. "Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases" Microorganisms 8, no. 10: 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101510