Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors Implicated in Gut Microbiome–Circadian Rhythm Interactions
2.1. Light/Dark Cycles
2.2. Sunlight Exposure
2.3. Sleep
2.4. Jet Lag
2.5. Diet and Dietary Patterns
3. Gut Microbiota as a Potential Pathway to Restore Circadian Rhythm and Metabolic Health
3.1. Secondary Bile Acids
3.2. Hydrogen Sulfide
3.3. Short Chain Fatty Acids
3.4. Vitamins
3.5. Biogenic Amines
3.6. Probiotics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Query | Conditions | Examples of Evidences |
---|---|---|
How does circadian rhythm affect gut microbiota? | Light/dark cycles | Effect of diurnal variation and altered light/dark cycles on gut microbiome |
Sleep status | Gut microbiome in sleep deprivation/sleep fragmentation | |
Diet | High fat diet, night eating | |
How does gut microbiota affect circadian rhythm? | Antibiotic-induced gut microbial alterations | Do antibiotics affect sleep or circadian-controlled metabolic states? |
Microbial dysbiosis due to intestinal disease | Chronic gut disorders with altered microbiota showing co-morbidities in sleep | |
Microbial metabolites | Short chain fatty acids, Secondary bile acids | |
Vitamins | ||
Biogenic amines | ||
Hydrogen sulfide |
Microorganisms | Microbial Function | Interactions with Host Pathway |
---|---|---|
Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysepelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillus), Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides), and Bifidobacterium [72,73]. | Microbial bile salt hydrolases deconjugate bile deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid [76]. | Microbial bile salt hydrolase associated with modulation of canonical clock genes, genes related to lipid metabolism and immune homeostasis [76]. |
Desulfovibrio, Desulfotobacter, Desulfobulbus, Bilophila wadsworthia [13]. | Act on sulfated compounds to generate hydrogen sulfide in the colon. | Hydrogen sulfide phase-delays hepatic Bmal1 expression, which is also associated with suppressed substrate oxidation and elevated systemic glucose [65]. |
Lachnospiraceae (Roseburia), Eubacteriaceae (Eubacterium rectale), and Ruminococcaceae (Ruminococcus bromii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) [11,12] | Break down dietary fiber to generate butyrate in the colon [58]. | Butyrate is a key metabolic fuel for colonic epithelial cells [11,12]; regulates plasma glucose by multiple mechanisms including activation of receptors that signal the secretion of satiety hormones, stimulation of insulin secretion and suppression of pancreatic glucagon [6,80]; modulates canonical clock genes in peripheral tissue [65]; acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor [82,83]. |
Clostridum sporogenes and Ruminococcus gnavus [87]. | Generate precursors of biogenic amines such as serotonin [87]. | Bioamines such as serotonin play a role in intestinal motility and secretory activity [88]. |
Vitamin | Physiological Effects Through Circadian Controlled Mechanisms | Examples of Microorganisms That Synthesize the Vitamin |
---|---|---|
B1, thiamine | Core body temperature, rat study [93] | Streptococcus thermophilus ST5, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175 [94] |
B2, riboflavin | Affects metabolism by influencingcryptochrome 2 stability [95] | Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli [94] |
B3, niacin | Lowered blood B3 associated with decreased duration of deep sleep in Parkinson’s disease [96] | E. coli [91] |
B9, folic acid | Important for brain function by regulating brain clock genes [97]; lowered serum B9 associated with sleep disturbance [90] | Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. [94] |
B12, methylcobalamine or cyanocobalamine | Lowered serum B12 associated with sleep disturbance [90]; also reverses hydrogen sulfide effects on substrate oxidation [98] | Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Lactobacillus reuteri [94] |
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Parkar, S.G.; Kalsbeek, A.; Cheeseman, J.F. Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041
Parkar SG, Kalsbeek A, Cheeseman JF. Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(2):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041
Chicago/Turabian StyleParkar, Shanthi G., Andries Kalsbeek, and James F. Cheeseman. 2019. "Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health" Microorganisms 7, no. 2: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020041