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Microorganisms
Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/microorganisms14020378
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Article

A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV

by
Mingguo Xu
1,†,
Chuangfu Chen
1,†,
Hengyun Gao
1,
Hao Guo
1,
Xueyu Tao
1,
Huan Zhang
1,
Yong Wang
1,
Zhongchen Ma
1,
Zhen Wang
1,
Ningning Yang
1,2,* and
Hui Zhang
1,*
1
College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
2
College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2026, 14(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020378
Submission received: 29 December 2025 / Revised: 31 January 2026 / Accepted: 2 February 2026 / Published: 5 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Virology)
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Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen inflicting substantial economic losses on the global cattle industry. To develop a more effective vaccine, we constructed two novel bicistronic recombinant adenoviruses, rAdV-I E0+I E2 and rAdV-I E2+II E2, and systematically evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in BALB/c mice. Both vaccine candidates, particularly rAdV-I E2+II E2, provoked a robust and rapid neutralizing antibody response that was significantly superior to a commercial inactivated vaccine. They also elicited a potent Th1-skewed cellular immune response, as indicated by significantly higher IFN-γ secretion, and a balanced profile of BVDV-specific IgG and its subclasses. Upon BVDV challenge, immunization with both recombinant vaccines, especially rAdV-I E2+II E2, resulted in a comprehensive reduction in viral loads across all tested tissues (blood, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and small intestine), demonstrating broader protection than the inactivated vaccine. Concordantly, histopathological analysis confirmed that vaccination preserved the normal architecture of the duodenum and spleen, preventing the significant pathological damage observed in the rAdV-empty negative control group. Our findings demonstrate that these adenovirus-vectored vaccines, particularly rAdV-I E2+II E2, induce a multifaceted and protective immune response, highlighting their promise as superior candidates against BVDV.
Keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus; bicistronic recombinant adenovirus; neutralizing antibody; viral load; protective efficacy bovine viral diarrhea virus; bicistronic recombinant adenovirus; neutralizing antibody; viral load; protective efficacy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, M.; Chen, C.; Gao, H.; Guo, H.; Tao, X.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Ma, Z.; Wang, Z.; Yang, N.; et al. A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV. Microorganisms 2026, 14, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020378

AMA Style

Xu M, Chen C, Gao H, Guo H, Tao X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang Z, Yang N, et al. A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV. Microorganisms. 2026; 14(2):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020378

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Mingguo, Chuangfu Chen, Hengyun Gao, Hao Guo, Xueyu Tao, Huan Zhang, Yong Wang, Zhongchen Ma, Zhen Wang, Ningning Yang, and et al. 2026. "A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV" Microorganisms 14, no. 2: 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020378

APA Style

Xu, M., Chen, C., Gao, H., Guo, H., Tao, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, Z., Yang, N., & Zhang, H. (2026). A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV. Microorganisms, 14(2), 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020378

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