Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Serogroups and Serotypes
3.2. Shiga Toxins and Intimin Genes
3.3. Stx Gene Subtypes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source Country 1,2 | Serotype 3 | Year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | Animals 4 | Foods 5 | ||
Ethiopia | O157:ND (6) 6 | O157:ND (72), O157:H7 (45) | O157:ND (8), O157:H7 (29) | 2017–2023 |
South Sudan | O26:H11 (3), O111:H8 (2) | - | - | 2023 |
Tanzania | - | O113:H21 (2), O157:H7 (4) | - | 2014 |
Benin | - | O157:ND (2) | O157:ND (2) | 2016–2020 |
Nigeria | O26:ND (2), O103:ND (1), O128:ND (1), O145:ND (1), O157:ND (10) | O26:ND (22), O91:ND (18), O103:ND (6), O111:ND (3), O157:ND (20), O157:H7 (8) | O26:ND (18), O45:ND (5), O91:ND (4), O103:ND (7), O111:ND (15), O121:ND (1), O128:ND (5), O138:ND (3), O145:ND (5), O157:ND (19), O157:H7 (11) | 2014–2023 |
Senegal | - | O26:ND (2), O111:ND (1), O145:ND (1) | O111:ND (1) | 2023 |
Algeria | - | O26:ND (8), O111:ND (5), O157:ND (2) | O26:ND (3), O111:ND (2), O157:ND (30) | 2014–2020 |
Egypt | O3:ND (1), O6:ND (5), O26:ND (26), O26:H11 (14), O45:ND (5), O55:ND (28), O75:ND (1), O91:ND (10), O103:ND (2), O103:H2 (1), O104:ND (6), O111:ND (33), O111:H8 (6), O113:ND (2), O113:H4 (1), O117:ND (4), O121:ND (5), O128:ND (15), O128:H2 (10), O145:ND (6), O146:ND (1), O146:H21 (1), O157:ND (19), O157:H7 (11) | O6:ND (1), O26:ND (97), O26:H11 (18), O45:ND (45), O55:ND (7), O63:ND (1), O75:ND (3), O91:ND (13), O103:ND (12), O103:H2 (2), O111:ND (60), O113:ND (3), O113:H4 (1), O121:ND (14), O128:ND (23), O128:H2 (8), O145:ND (20), O145:H28 (3), O146:ND (3), O146:H21 (1), O157:ND (7), O157:H7 (9) | O26:ND (82), O26:H11 (111), O45:ND (3), O55:ND (53), O76:ND (1), O91:ND (37), O103:ND (13), O103:H2 (9), O104:ND (3), O111:ND (148), O111:H8 (12), O113:ND (3), O113:H4 (1), O113:H21 (1), O117:ND (16), O121:ND (31), O128:ND (52), O128:H2 (32), O145:ND (5), O146:ND (24), O146:H21 (10), O157:ND (54), O157:H7 (80), O166:H28 (21) | 2014–2023 |
Sudan | O26:H11 (3), O111:H8 (2), O157:H7 (5) | - | - | 2023 |
Tunisia | - | O45:ND (3), O103:ND (13), O145:ND (14), O157:H7 (10) | O26:ND (9), O45:ND (2), O91:ND (2), O103:ND (20), O121:ND (2), O145:ND (14), O157:ND (23) | 2022–2024 |
Namibia | - | O103:ND (5), O145:ND (5), O157:H7 (10) | O26:ND (5), O45:ND (5), O103:ND (1), O111:ND (2), O121:ND (1), O145:ND (1), O157:ND (15) | 2016–2020 |
South Africa | - | O2:ND (1), O3:ND (97), O3:H21 (94), O4:ND (1), O5:ND (3), O5:H19(3), O6:ND (15),O7:ND (1), O8:ND (42), O10:ND (3), O16:ND (1), O22:ND (3), O26:ND (157), O26:H11 (19),O43:ND (75), O43:H2 (73), O45:ND (37), O49:ND (1), O54:ND (2), O64:ND (1), O71:ND (3), O75:ND (37), O75:H8 (37), O76:ND (52), O76:H19 (50), O79:ND (1), O102:ND (1), O103:ND (101), O103:H2 (1), O103:H8 (98), O107:H7 (3), O108:ND (13), O111:ND (2), O111:H8 (8), O113:ND (8), O117:ND (7), O121:ND (10), O125:ND (1), O132:ND (1), O145:ND (23), O145:H8 (4), O146:ND (31), O146:H21 (31), O157:ND (44), O157:H7 (44), O159:ND (2), O162:ND (1), O163:ND (2), O168:ND (1), O174:ND (16), O175:ND (3), O176:ND (5), O185:ND (4) | - | 2015–2022 |
China | O5:ND (2), O8:ND (1), O21:H25 (1), O26:H11 (5), O43:H2 (1), O84:ND (1), O91:ND (1), O112:ND (4), O157:H7 (2), O178:ND (1) | O2:ND (11), O5:ND (1), O5:H19 (4), O6:ND (1), O6:H10 (1), O8:ND (11), O8:H19 (4), O8:H21 (2), O8:H25 (5), O9:ND (4), O15:ND (1), O16:ND (8), O20:ND (24), O21:ND (1), O21:H25 (2), O22:H8 (12), O22:H16 (5), O44:ND (1), O48:H21 (1), O66:ND (2), O74:ND (2), O76:ND (1), O76:H19 (4), O81:ND (2), O84:ND (23), O86:ND (3), O87:ND (5), O93:ND (52), O100:ND (8), O100:H19 (3), O104:ND (1), O108:ND (4), O112:ND (1), O113:H4 (1), O114:ND (1), O116:ND (7), O128:H2 (1), O129:ND (1), O130:ND (1), O133:ND (11), O140:ND (1), O142:ND (1), O143:ND (3), O157:H7 (50), O159:ND (4), O172:ND (3), O174:ND (13), O177:ND (8), O184:H19 (17) | O5:ND (1), O5:H9 (1), O5:H19 (1), O8:ND (2), O8:H9 (3), O8:H19 (3), O8:H30 (2), O12:ND (2), O20:H21 (1), O21:H25 (2), O22:ND (2), O26:H11 (1), O40:H8 (2), O45:ND (5), O57:H21 (1), O76:H19 (2), O76:H21 (1), O84:ND (1), O91:ND (1), O91:H4 (4), O96:H19 (1), O98:ND (4), O100:H19 (3), O103:H25 (2), O104:H7 (3), O110:ND (2), O111:ND (1), O112:ND (2), O113:H4 (5), O113:H7 (1), O116:H21 (1), O118:ND (1), O120:ND (2), O121:ND (1), O128:H2 (10), O141:H29 (2), O145:ND (1), O150:ND (2), O157:ND (53), O157:H7 (76), O161:H19 (1), O172:ND (1), O174:ND (1), O176:H4 (5) | 2014–2023 |
Malaysia | - | O130:H26 (1), O139:H1 (5), O157:H7 (32), O168:H21 (1) | - | 2013–2015 |
South Korea | O26:H21 (1), O91:H14 (13), O103:H2 (1), O121:H19 (1) | O8:H19 (3), O8:H21 (1), O26:ND (3), O104:ND (1), O111:ND (1), O157:ND (5) | O1:ND (2), O6:ND (1), O18:ND (1), O18:H20 (1), O26:ND (1), O27:ND (1), O55:ND (2), O86:ND (1), O91:H14 (6), O91:H21 (2), O114:ND (1), O115:ND (1), O121:H10 (2), O125:ND (1), O126:ND (1), O128:ND (1), O157:H7 (4), O168:ND (1) | 2014–2024 |
Thailand | - | O157:H7 (1) | - | 2022 |
Bangladesh | - | O43:H2 (3), O57:ND (40), O76:H19 (6), O87:H16 (3), O110:H16 (1), O152:H8 (2) | O157:ND (7) | 2015–2023 |
India | O28:ND (1), O59:ND (2), O64:ND (1), O69:ND (1), O85:ND (2), O95:ND (1), O102:ND (1), O103:ND (1), O157:H7 (1), O168:ND (1) | O2:ND (9), O3:ND (1), O4:ND (2), O5:ND (9), O7:ND (7), O8:ND (8), O9:ND (19), O10:ND (1), O11:ND (12), O12:ND (1), O17:ND (1), O20:ND (8), O21:ND (1), O22:ND (4), O24:ND (2), O25:ND (4), O26:ND (2), O27:ND (10), O30:ND (2), O33:ND (1), O34:ND (6), O41:ND (2), O43:ND (3), O52:ND (9), O55:ND (4), O56:ND (6), O59:ND (1), O60:ND (16), O63:ND (2), O69:ND (1), O74:ND (1), O75:ND (1), O76:ND (1), O81:ND (6), O83:ND (4), O84:ND (3), O85:ND (2), O89:ND (8), O91:ND (3), O95:ND (1), O97:ND (1), O100:ND (3), O103:ND (6), O110:ND (2), O112:ND (1), O113:ND (3), O116:ND (2), O118:ND (2), O119:ND (2), O121:ND (1), O123:ND (7), O125:ND (1), O134:ND (4), O136:ND (1), O137:ND (2), O138:ND (4), O147:ND (3), O152:ND (2), O156:ND (5), O157:ND (4), O165:ND (1), O168:ND (2), O173:ND (2) | O2:ND (1), O5:ND (2), O7:ND (7), O8:ND (6), O9:ND (1), O11:ND (1), O21:ND (1), O22:ND (2), O28:ND (1), O32:ND (1), O43:ND (4), O60:ND (6), O68:ND (5), O69:ND (2), O73:ND (3), O75:ND (1), O85:ND (2), O86:ND (4), O91:ND (1), O93:ND (1), O95:ND (1), O101:ND (1), O103:ND (1), O104:ND (1), O118:ND (1), O132:ND (1), O141:ND (1), O152:ND (2), O154:ND (2), O156:ND (2), O172:ND (1) | 2014–2023 |
Iran | O26:ND (2), O45:ND (1), O121:ND (1), O157:ND (2), O157:H7 (1) | O5:ND (16), O5:H19 (3), O26:ND (29), O26:H11 (1), O26:H29 (1), O63:ND (1), O75:ND (3), O75:H2(3), O78:ND(3), O80:ND (2), O91:ND (3), O103:ND (11), O111:ND (10), O111:H8 (2), O113:ND (24), O113:H21 (3), O115:ND (2), O121:ND (1), O128:ND (10), O128:H2 (3), O145:ND (1), O157:ND (1) | O26:ND (25), O26:H11 (1), O45:ND (9), O91:ND (3), O103:ND (6), O111:ND (8), O113:ND (5), O121:ND (7), O121:H7(1), O128:ND (7), O128:H2 (1), O145:ND(5), O157:ND (34) | 2014–2023 |
Pakistan | - | - | O9:H9 (2), O9:H30 (2), O82:H4 (3), O113:H16 (1), O187:H16 (1) | 2017–2024 |
Iraq | - | - | O157:H7 (9) | 2019–2023 |
Israel | O26:H11 (6), O71:H8 (1), O157:H7 (1) | O171:H21 (1), O171:H25 (1), O171:H29 (1) | - | 2017 |
Saudi Arabia | - | - | O22:H8 (6), O111:ND (20), O113:H21 (12), O157:H7 (30) | 2015 |
Turkey | O26:ND (4), O26:H6 (1), O26:H12 (1), O45:H2 (1), O103:H2 (2), O104:ND (7), O111:ND (1), O145:ND (3), O157:H7 (3), O174:H21 (2), O181:H4 (1) | O26:ND (1), O45:ND (1), O121:ND (22), O157:ND (9), O157:H7 (16) | O21:ND (2), O21:H25 (2), O45:ND (3), O103:ND (2), O111:ND (11), O145:ND (10), O157:ND (6), O157:H7 (3) | 2016–2023 |
United Arab Emirates | - | O157:H7 (5) | - | 2020 |
Costa Rica | O25:H4 (1), O71:H11 (2), O103:H2 (2), O111:H8 (3), O118:ND (7), O119:H2 (2), O137:H4 (1), O145:H28 (1), O151:H2 (7), O174:H21 (2) | - | - | 2024 |
Mexico | - | O3:ND (1), O8:H7 (2), O8:H8 (2), O9:H19 (5), O15:ND (1), O39:H21 (1), O48:ND (3), O48:H8 (1), O48:H54 (1), O58:H40 (1), O73:ND (1), O75:ND (8), O77:H18 (1), O80:H39 (1), O88:H25 (10), O103:H25 (1), O104:ND (2), O112:H7 (1), O116:H16 (4), O116:H21 (3), O121:H11 (3), O146:H21 (7), O154:H1 (2), O154:H4 (2), O154:H32 (1), O157:H7 (17), O168:ND (1), O174:H28 (1), O175:H21 (3), O176:H11 (1), O176:H54 (1), O178:ND (1), O179:H8 (3), O180:ND (2) | - | 2016–2023 |
Argentina | - | O1:H21 (1), O113:H21 (1), O130:ND (1), O130:H11 (1), O171:H2 (1), O174:H28 (1), O175:H19 (7), O178:H19 (5), O179:H8 (1), O187:H7 (1) | O8:H16 (4), O8:H19 (2), O22:H8 (3), O39:H49 (6), O91:H14 (1), O91:H40 (1), O113:H21 (8), O117:H7 (2), O130:H11 (5), O153:H28 (1), O160:H40 (1), O164:H8 (2), O171:H2 (2), O174:H21 (3), O174:H28 (2), O178:H19 (3), O185:H7 (8) | 2017–2023 |
Brazil | O8:H19 (1), O24:H4 (1), O26:H11 (1), O71:H8 (1), O91:H14 (1), O100:ND (1), O103:ND (1), O111:ND (3), O111:H8 (2), O111:H11 (1), O118:H16 (1), O123:ND (3), O123:H2 (1), O145:ND (1), O153:H7 (1), O153:H21 (1), O157:H7 (1), O177:ND (1), O178:H19 (1) | O104:ND (2), O113:H2 (2), O157:H7 (5) | O8:H21 (1), O21:H19 (1), O22:H16 (1), O26:ND (3), O73:H45 (1), O79:H7 (3), O83:H19 (1), O113:H21 (3), O117:H7 (1), O132:H21 (1) | 2018–2023 |
Uruguay | - | O8:H16 (2), O8:H19 (2), O20:H7 (1), O22:H8 (5), O74:H42 (1), O88:H25 (1), O99:H19 (1), O113:H21 (1), O116:H49 (1), O120:H7 (1), O156:H10 (2), O157:H7 (1), O159:H28 (1), O171:H2 (1), O174:H21 (2), O174:H28 (3), O178:H19 (2), O185:H25 (1) | - | 2023 |
Source Country 1 | Shiga toxin/Intimin | Year | Author | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | Animals 2 | Foods 3 | |||
Ethiopia | stx1 (29), stx2 (28), stx1+stx2 (30)/eae (42) | stx1 (40), stx2 (113), stx1+stx2 (30)/eae (156) | stx1 (3), stx2 (15), stx1+stx2 (5)/eae (13) | 2017–2023 | [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46] |
Kenya | stx2 (6), stx1+stx2 (13)/eae (9) | - | - | 2018 | [47] |
South Sudan | stx2 (5), stx1+stx2 (5) | - | - | 2023 | [48] |
Tanzania | - | stx2 (5), stx1+stx2 (2)/eae (4) | - | 2014 | [49] |
Benin | - | stx1 (2)/eae (2) | stx1 (12), stx2 (104)/eae (1) | 2016–2020 | [50,51] |
Burkina Faso | - | stx1 (2), stx2 (2), stx1+stx2 (1)/eae (1) | stx2 (6)/eae (3) | 2016–2017 | [52,53] |
Nigeria | stx1 (101), stx2 (88), stx1+stx2 (71)/eae (78) | stx1 (249), stx2 (232), stx1+stx2 (17)/eae (14) | stx1 (257), stx2 (166), stx1+stx2 (69)/eae (139) | 2014–2023 | [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
Senegal | - | stx1+stx2 (7)/eae (8) | stx1+stx2 (4)/eae (2) | 2023 | [80] |
Algeria | - | stx1 (168), stx2 (22), stx1+stx2 (7)/eae (68) | stx1 (7), stx2 (21), stx1+stx2 (6)/eae (18) | 2014–2020 | [81,82,83,84,85,86] |
Egypt | stx1 (97), stx2 (75), stx1+stx2 (41)/eae (169) | stx1 (45), stx2 (63), stx1+stx2 (52)/eae (93) | stx1 (225), stx2 (205), stx1+stx2 (236)/eae (308) | 2014–2023 | [87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155] |
Sudan | stx2 (5), stx1+stx2 (5) | - | - | 2023 | [48] |
Tunisia | - | stx1 (16), stx2 (13), stx1+stx2 (11), eae (8) | stx1 (61), stx2 (17), stx1+stx2 (1), eae (28) | 2022–2024 | [156,157,158,159] |
Cameroon | - | - | stx1 (4), stx2 (4), stx1+stx2 (4), eae (6) | 2017 | [160] |
Namibia | - | - | stx1 (73), stx2 (2), stx1+stx2 (10), eae (84) | 2016–2020 | [61,161] |
South Africa | - | stx1 (223), stx2 (384), stx1+stx2 (380), eae (181) | - | 2015–2022 | [162,163,164,165,166] |
Zambia | - | stx1 (4), stx2 (15), stx1+stx2 (22) | - | 2016 | [167] |
Zimbabwe | - | - | stx2 (7), eae (1) | 2020 | [168] |
China | stx1 (6), stx2 (3), stx1+stx2 (5), eae (11) | stx1 (215), stx2 (485), stx1+stx2 (97), eae (91) | stx1 (47), stx2 (165), stx1+stx2 (85), eae (11) | 2014–2023 | [11,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183] |
Indonesia | - | stx2 (1) | stx1 (1) | 2016 | [184] |
Malaysia | - | stx1 (1), stx2 (32), stx1+stx2 (1), eae (32) | - | 2013–2015 | [185,186] |
South Korea | stx1 (14), stx2 (20), stx1+stx2 (22), eae (3) | stx1 (17), stx2 (87), stx1+stx2 (52) | stx1 (18), stx2 (8), stx1+stx2 (9), eae (3) | 2014–2024 | [187,188,189,190,191,192,193] |
Thailand | - | stx2 (1), eae (1) | - | 2022 | [194] |
Vietnam | - | stx2 (50) | - | 2019 | [195] |
Bangladesh | - | stx1 (25), stx2 (58), stx1+stx2 (15)/eae (6) | stx1 (1), stx2 (11) | 2015–2023 | [196,197,198,199,200,201,202] |
India | stx1 (26), stx2 (12), stx1+stx2 (9)/eae (5) | stx1 (236), stx2 (224), stx1+stx2 (230)/eae (63) | stx1 (101), stx2 (88), stx1+stx2 (71)/eae (78) | 2014–2023 | [203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218] |
Iran | stx1 (66), stx2 (80), stx1+stx2 (18)/eae (33) | stx1 (115), stx2 (132), stx1+stx2 (50)/eae (127) | stx1 (101), stx2 (23), stx1+stx2 (12)/eae (67) | 2014–2024 | [219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238] |
Pakistan | - | - | stx1 (144), stx2 (13), stx1+stx2 (25)/eae (9) | 2017–2024 | [239,240,241] |
Iraq | stx1 (13), stx2 (18)/eae (33) | stx1 (13), stx2 (17), stx1+stx2 (62)/eae (27) | stx1 (12), stx2 (15), stx1+stx2 (2)/eae (6) | 2019–2023 | [242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249] |
Israel | stx2 (6), stx1+stx2 (3) | stx2 (2), stx1+stx2 (1) | - | 2017 | [250] |
Saudi Arabia | - | - | stx1 (1), stx2 (74), stx1+stx2 (8)/eae (51) | 2015 | [251,252] |
Turkey | stx1 (10), stx2 (19), stx1+stx2 (4)/eae (14) | stx1 (181), stx2 (123), stx1+stx2 (84)/eae (61) | stx1 (13), stx2 (14), stx1+stx2 (13)/eae (29) | 2016–2023 | [253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264] |
United Arab Emirates | - | stx2 (12), eae (8) | - | 2020 | [265] |
Trinidad and Tobago | - | stx1 (9), stx2 (10), stx1+stx2 (4)/eae (1) | - | 2016 | [266] |
Costa Rica | stx1 (23), stx2 (4), stx1+stx2 (1)/eae (22) | - | - | 2024 | [267] |
Guatemala | stx1 (23), stx2 (19)/eae (18) | - | - | 2022 | [268] |
Mexico | - | stx1 (42), stx2 (46), stx1+stx2 (25)/eae (4) | - | 2016–2023 | [269,270,271] |
Argentina | - | stx1 (5), stx2 (50), stx1+stx2 (17)/eae (1) | stx1 (1), stx2 (20), stx1+stx2 (3) | 2017–2023 | [272,273,274] |
Brazil | stx1 (19), stx2 (6), stx1+stx2 (5)/eae (20) | stx1 (207), stx2 (38), stx1+stx2 (54) | stx1 (1), stx2 (12), stx1+stx2 (5)/eae (1) | 2018–2023 | [275,276,277,278] |
Uruguay | - | stx1 (6), stx2 (17), stx1+stx2 (16)/eae (2) | - | 2023 | [279] |
Total | stx1 (427), stx2 (394), stx1+stx2 (232)/eae (457) | stx1 (1821), stx2 (2234), stx1+stx2 (1237)/eae (959) | stx1 (1083), stx2 (990), stx1+stx2 (568)/eae (858) | 2014–2024 | - |
Source Country 1 | Shiga toxin subtypes | Year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | Animals 2 | Foods 3 | ||
Ethiopia | stx2a (1), stx2c (3) | stx2a (6), stx2c (53) | stx2a (2), stx2c (4) | 2017–2023 |
Tanzania | - | stx2c (4) | - | 2014 |
Egypt | stx1a (1) | stx2a (4), stx2b (1), stx2c (4), stx2d (2), stx2e (1) | - | 2014–2023 |
South Africa | - | stx2c (10), stx2d (10) | - | 2015–2022 |
China | stx1a (3), stx1c (3), stx2d (1), stx2e (1) | stx1a (79), stx1c (133), stx2a (4), stx2b (13), stx2c (23), stx2e (216), stx2g (13), stx2k (170) | stx1a (12), stx1c (13), stx1d (1), stx2a (5), stx2b (2), stx2c (31), stx2d (1), stx2e (26), stx2k (3) | 2014–2023 |
Malaysia | - | stx1a (1), stx2c (32) | - | 2013–2015 |
South Korea | stx1a (2), stx2a (1) | - | stx2c (2), stx2e (2) | 2014–2024 |
Vietnam | - | stx2e (50) | - | 2019 |
Bangladesh | - | stx2d (1) | stx2d (1) | 2015–2023 |
Iran | stx1a (6), stx1d (1) | - | - | 2014–2024 |
Israel | stx2a (5) | stx2c (1), stx2d (1) | - | 2017 |
Turkey | stx1a (4), stx2a (1) | stx1a (4), stx2a (2), stx2b (9), stx2c (11), stx2d (6), stx2e (2), stx2f (12), stx2h (3), stx2i (3), stx2j (2) | stx2a (2) | 2016–2023 |
Costa Rica | stx1a (23), stx2a (4) | - | - | 2024 |
Mexico | - | stx1b (9), stx1c (26), stx1d (1) | - | 2016–2023 |
Argentina | - | stx1a (4), stx2a (24) | - | 2017–2023 |
Brazil | stx1a (18), stx1d (1), stx2c (3), stx2d (2), stx2e (1) | - | - | 2018–2023 |
Uruguay | - | stx1a (2), stx1d (4), stx2a (4), stx2c (7), stx2d (4) | - | 2023 |
Total | stx1a (57), stx1c (3), stx1d (2), stx2a (12), stx2c (6), stx2d (3), stx2e (2) | stx1a (90), stx1b (9), stx1c (159), stx1d (5), stx2a (44), stx2b (23), stx2c (145), stx2d (24), stx2e (269), stx2f (12), stx2g (13), stx2h (3), stx2i (3), stx2j (2), stx2k (170) | stx1a (12), stx1c (13), stx1d (1), stx2a (9), stx2b (2), stx2c (37), stx2d (2), stx2e (28), stx2k (3) | 2014–2024 |
Region 1 | Serogroup, Serotype, Shiga Toxin | No. Papers 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | Animals 2 | Foods 3 | ||
East Africa | O157, O26:H11, stx1+stx2, stx2c | O157, O157:H7, stx2, stx2c | O157, O157:H7, stx2, stx2c | 19 |
West Africa | O157, stx1 | O26, O157:H7, stx1 | O157, O157:H7, stx2 | 32 |
North Africa | O111, O26:H11, stx1, stx1a | O26, O157:H7, stx1, stx2a, stx2c | O111, O26:H11, stx1 | 77 |
Central Africa | - | - | stx1, stx2, stx1+stx2 | 1 |
Southern Africa | - | O26, O103:H8, stx1+stx2, stx2c, stx2d | O157, stx1 | 9 |
East Asia | O112, O91:H14, stx1+stx2, stx1a | O93, O157:H7, stx2, stx2e | O157, O157:H7, stx2, stx2c | 28 |
South Asia | O26, O59, O85, O157, O157:H7, stx1, stx2, stx1a | O57, O76:H19, stx2, stx2d | O157, O82:H4, stx1, stx2d | 46 |
Western Asia | O104, O26:H11, stx2, stx2a | O121, O157:H7, stx1, stx2c, stx2f | O111, O157:H7, stx2, stx2a | 24 |
Caribbean | - | stx2 | - | 1 |
Mexico and Central America | O118, O151:H2, stx1, stx1a | O75, O157:H7, stx2, stx1c | - | 5 |
South America | O111, O123, O111:H8, stx1, stx1a | O104, O175:H19, O178:H19, stx1, stx2a | O26, O113:H21, stx2 | 8 |
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Nemati, A.; Dadvar, A.; Eppinger, M.; Karimpour, Z.; Saberi Kakhki, S.; Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar, A.; Badouei, M.A.; Gigliucci, F.; Santos, L.F.d.; Nakamura, K.; et al. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071529
Nemati A, Dadvar A, Eppinger M, Karimpour Z, Saberi Kakhki S, Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar A, Badouei MA, Gigliucci F, Santos LFd, Nakamura K, et al. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(7):1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071529
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemati, Ali, Ali Dadvar, Mark Eppinger, Zohreh Karimpour, Soroush Saberi Kakhki, Alireza Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar, Mahdi Askari Badouei, Federica Gigliucci, Luis Fernando dos Santos, Keiji Nakamura, and et al. 2025. "Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective" Microorganisms 13, no. 7: 1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071529
APA StyleNemati, A., Dadvar, A., Eppinger, M., Karimpour, Z., Saberi Kakhki, S., Sabeti Moghaddam Sabzevar, A., Badouei, M. A., Gigliucci, F., Santos, L. F. d., Nakamura, K., Javidi, H., & Hafiz, M. (2025). Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Developing Countries: A 10-Year Review with Global Perspective. Microorganisms, 13(7), 1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071529