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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/microorganisms13061247
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Article

Evaluation of Probiotic Bacillus velezensis for the Control of Pathogens That Cause Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets—Results from In Vitro Testing and an In Vivo Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans

by
Pia Bilde Rasmussen
1,†,
Josh Walker
2,†,
Stacey Robida Stubbs
3,†,
Andreea Cornelia Udrea
1 and
Chong Shen
1,*
1
Gut Immunology Laboratory, R&D, Health & Biosciences, IFF, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark
2
Direct-Fed Microbials Laboratory, R&D, Health & Biosciences, IFF, Nutrition Biosciences USA 1, LLC, 200 Powder Mill Road, Experimental Station—E361, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
3
C. elegans Laboratory, R&D, Health & Biosciences, IFF, Nutrition Biosciences USA 1, LLC, 200 Powder Mill Road, Experimental Station—E361, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061247
Submission received: 8 April 2025 / Revised: 16 May 2025 / Accepted: 20 May 2025 / Published: 28 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Infections and Host Immunity)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

We investigated the effect of probiotic Bacillus velezensis strains (LSSA01, 15AP4 and 2084) on pathogens causing post-weaning diarrhea in piglets (Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp.). We studied the effect of B. velezensis and its cell-free supernatant on (1) pathogen growth; (2) IPEC-J2 cell cytokine and tight junction protein expression; (3) IPEC-J2 cell ‘wound’ recovery; (4) adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells and pathogen exclusion; and (5) Caenorhabditis elegans survival following pathogen exposure. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from all strains inhibited the growth of ETEC F4 and F18 (by 36.9–53.2%; p < 0.05). One or more strains inhibited C. perfringens and Salmonella spp. (p < 0.05). Strain 2084 CFS increased IL-8 expression (+12.0% vs. control; p < 0.05; 6 h incubation), whereas LSSA01 CFS increased the expression of tight junction proteins (p < 0.05 vs. control; 6 h incubation) and accelerated 96 h ‘wound’ healing. Colony-forming units (CFUs) of all strains displayed a higher binding affinity to IPEC-J2 cells than 12 ETEC isolates, reduced adhesion of ETEC F4 and F18 and extended C. elegans survival over 30 d. The results indicate that probiotic B. velezensis strains have potential for use in the control of PWD pathogens.
Keywords: Bacillus velezensis; pathogenic bacteria; gut health; porcine intestinal epithelial cells; probiotic; swine Bacillus velezensis; pathogenic bacteria; gut health; porcine intestinal epithelial cells; probiotic; swine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rasmussen, P.B.; Walker, J.; Stubbs, S.R.; Udrea, A.C.; Shen, C. Evaluation of Probiotic Bacillus velezensis for the Control of Pathogens That Cause Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets—Results from In Vitro Testing and an In Vivo Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061247

AMA Style

Rasmussen PB, Walker J, Stubbs SR, Udrea AC, Shen C. Evaluation of Probiotic Bacillus velezensis for the Control of Pathogens That Cause Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets—Results from In Vitro Testing and an In Vivo Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(6):1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061247

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rasmussen, Pia Bilde, Josh Walker, Stacey Robida Stubbs, Andreea Cornelia Udrea, and Chong Shen. 2025. "Evaluation of Probiotic Bacillus velezensis for the Control of Pathogens That Cause Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets—Results from In Vitro Testing and an In Vivo Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans" Microorganisms 13, no. 6: 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061247

APA Style

Rasmussen, P. B., Walker, J., Stubbs, S. R., Udrea, A. C., & Shen, C. (2025). Evaluation of Probiotic Bacillus velezensis for the Control of Pathogens That Cause Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets—Results from In Vitro Testing and an In Vivo Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans. Microorganisms, 13(6), 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061247

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