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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/microorganisms13040868
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Review

Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria

by
Cristina Mennitti
1,†,
Mariella Calvanese
1,†,
Alessandro Gentile
1,
Aniello Vastola
1,
Pietro Romano
1,
Laura Ingenito
2,
Luca Gentile
2,
Iolanda Veneruso
1,3,
Carmela Scarano
1,3,
Ilaria La Monica
3,
Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
4,
Giulia Frisso
1,3,
Valeria D’Argenio
3,5,
Barbara Lombardo
1,3,
Olga Scudiero
1,3,6,
Raffaela Pero
1,6,* and
Sonia Laneri
4
1
Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
2
Integrated Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
3
CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
4
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano, 80138 Naples, Italy
5
Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
6
Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040868
Submission received: 3 March 2025 / Revised: 5 April 2025 / Accepted: 7 April 2025 / Published: 10 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)
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Abstract

The skin cannot be considered as just a barrier that protects against physical, chemical, and biological damage; it is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that varies across lifespans. Interest in the relationship between physical activity and skin microbiota has grown significantly in recent years. The skin microbiota has a crucial role in skin functions and physiology, and an imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is correlated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious disease, obesity, allergic disorders, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Among the causes of dysbiosis, the practice of physical exercise, especially in contact sports, including wrestling, artistic gymnastics, and boating, certainly represents a predisposing factor for infectious disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the skin microbiota and its regulation, focusing on interactions between physical exercise and skin microbiota, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as regulators of skin microbiota, and the impact of probiotics supplementation on physical performance.
Keywords: antimicrobial peptides; physical activity; skin microbiome antimicrobial peptides; physical activity; skin microbiome

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mennitti, C.; Calvanese, M.; Gentile, A.; Vastola, A.; Romano, P.; Ingenito, L.; Gentile, L.; Veneruso, I.; Scarano, C.; La Monica, I.; et al. Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040868

AMA Style

Mennitti C, Calvanese M, Gentile A, Vastola A, Romano P, Ingenito L, Gentile L, Veneruso I, Scarano C, La Monica I, et al. Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040868

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mennitti, Cristina, Mariella Calvanese, Alessandro Gentile, Aniello Vastola, Pietro Romano, Laura Ingenito, Luca Gentile, Iolanda Veneruso, Carmela Scarano, Ilaria La Monica, and et al. 2025. "Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040868

APA Style

Mennitti, C., Calvanese, M., Gentile, A., Vastola, A., Romano, P., Ingenito, L., Gentile, L., Veneruso, I., Scarano, C., La Monica, I., Di Lorenzo, R., Frisso, G., D’Argenio, V., Lombardo, B., Scudiero, O., Pero, R., & Laneri, S. (2025). Skin Microbiome Overview: How Physical Activity Influences Bacteria. Microorganisms, 13(4), 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040868

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