Exploring a Rare Association: Systematic Review of Hypercalcemia in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NTM | Calcium Level (mg/dL) | Precipitating Factors of Hypercalcemia | Time Between Factors and Hypercalcemia | 1,25 (OH)2 (pg/mL) | 25 (OH) (ng/mL) | PTH (pg/mL) | ACE (U/I) | Treatment of Hypercalcemia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Abdulfattah et al. [4] | M. abscessus | 16.49 | ART | 4 weeks | 44.1 | 56 | 4 | Fluid, pamidronate, calcitonin | |
2. Shrayyef et al. [5] | MAI | 13.7 | VIT D 25 (OH) treatment/ ART/NTM t | 3 weeks | 53 | 42 | <2.5 | ||
3. Ayoubieh et al. [6] | MAI | 14 | NTMt | 4 weeks | 9 | 6 | Fluid, pamidronate, calcitonin | ||
4. Delahunt et al. [7] | MAI | 14.99 | NTMt | Unknown | 142 | <0.3 | Fluid, furosemide pamidronate, steroid | ||
5. Choudhary et al. [8] | MAI | 12.87 | ART/higher NTMt | 24 weeks | High | Steroid | |||
6. Playford et al. [9] | M. avium | 14.63 | Higher NTMt | 1 week | 54 | Low | Oral fluid, pamidronate | ||
7. Playford et al. [9] | M. avium | 13.27 | NTMt | 4 weeks | 83.3 | Low | Fluid, pamidronate | ||
8. Tsao et al. [10] | M. avium | Ionized 8.1 | ART | 6 weeks | 88.7 | 3.6 | Hemodialysis, steroid | ||
9. Awasty et al. [11] | M. avium | 14.1 | ART | 3 weeks | 86.7 | 54.1 | 4 | Calcitonin, pamidronate, steroid, HAART discontinuation | |
10. Ismailova et al. [12] | MAI | 14.5 | ART | Not reported | Normal | Normal | Fluid, furosemide, calcitonin, pamidronate | ||
11. Cohen et al. | M. simiae | 12.4 | Antibiotic/NTMt/ART | 3 weeks | 86.7 | 50 | 4 | 172 | Fluid, zoledronic acid, steroid |
NTM | Calcium Level (mg/dL) | Precipitating Factor of Hypercalcemia | Time Between Factor and Hypercalcemia | 1,25 (OH)2 (pg/mL) | 25 (OH) (ng/mL) | PTH (pg/mL) | ACE U/I | Immune Deficiency Cause | Treatment of Hypercalcemia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Kuthiah et al. [13] | M. abcessus and fortuitum | 11.22 | TB t | Unknown | 23 | 1 | 83 | Adult-onset immune deficiency | Fluids, steroid, zoledronic acid | |
2. Moloney et al. [14] | M. bovis | 12.9 | NTM t | Unknown/2 months | 16 | 5 | 34 | (COPD) | Fluids, zoledronic acid, steroid | |
3. Nielsen et al. [15] | M. marinum | Ionized 7.1 | NTM t | 4 weeks | 18 | 16.4 | 0.8 | nl | Infliximab | Fluids, pamidronate, hemodialysis |
4. Donato et al. [16] | M. avium complex | 11.9 | Unknown | Unknown | 76 | 30 | 15 | (CKD) | Fluids, steroid | |
5. McGoldrick et al. [17] | M. microti | 17.75 | unknown | unknown | normal | <8 | CAH, drugs, low CD8 | Fluids, pamidronate, | ||
6. Lin et al. [18] | M. haemophilum | 19.6 | IS stop, calcium | 10 weeks | 127 | 18.24 | 6.8 | IS drugs | Hemodialysis | |
7. Haddad et al. [19] | M. chimaera | 10.5 | NTM t | 32 weeks | 31 | 2.7 | IRIS | |||
8. Parsons et al. [20] | MAI | 12.8 | Unknown | Unknown | 40 | 39 | 8 | 71 | (CKD) | Steroid |
9. Chatterjee et al. [21] | M. avium complex | 13.6 | Unknown | Unknown | 11 | 29 | 8 | (CKD) | Fluids, pamidronate | |
10. Uijtendaa et al. [22] | M. marinum | 16.8 | NTM t/lower steroid | 8 weeks | 59.1 | 27 | 15.1 | (CKD) | Fluids, prednisone | |
11. Vivatvakin et al. [23] | M. kansasii | 14.8 | Unknown | Unknown | 52 | 4.84 | (COPD/liver) | Fluids, calcitonin | ||
12. Flowers et al. [24] | M. kansasii | 12.6 | Unknown | Unknown | 25 | 32.6 | 1 | 124 | Tacrolimus | Fluids, calcitonin, pamidronate |
13. Yashswee et al. [25] | M. bovis | BCG therapy | 6 months | 77 | Normal | 8.5 | 55 | Unknown | Prednisone |
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Cohen, R.; Ostrovsky, V.; Zornitzki, L.; Elbirt, D.; Zornitzki, T. Exploring a Rare Association: Systematic Review of Hypercalcemia in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040773
Cohen R, Ostrovsky V, Zornitzki L, Elbirt D, Zornitzki T. Exploring a Rare Association: Systematic Review of Hypercalcemia in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):773. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040773
Chicago/Turabian StyleCohen, Ramon, Viviana Ostrovsky, Lior Zornitzki, Daniel Elbirt, and Taiba Zornitzki. 2025. "Exploring a Rare Association: Systematic Review of Hypercalcemia in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040773
APA StyleCohen, R., Ostrovsky, V., Zornitzki, L., Elbirt, D., & Zornitzki, T. (2025). Exploring a Rare Association: Systematic Review of Hypercalcemia in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Microorganisms, 13(4), 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040773