Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Cultivation of Samples and Isolation of Pure Cultures
2.3. Identification of Bacteria
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Culturable Bacteria by MALDI-ToF MS
3.2. Identification of Dominant Culturable Bacterial Species on Equine Skin
3.3. Major Bacterial Species at Different Anatomical Sites
3.4. Comparison of Dominant Culturable Bacterial Species in Different Stables
3.5. Age-Dependency of Dominant Culturable Bacterial Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Stable | Breed | Sex | Age | Sterilized | Routine Riding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | Irish Tinker | f | 3.5 | no | yes |
2 | A | Irish Tinker | m | 12 | yes | yes |
3 | A | Irish Tinker | m | 17 | yes | yes |
4 | B | Speed Racking | m | 1.5 | no | no |
5 | B | Curley | m | 7 | yes | yes |
6 | B | Shetland Pony | m | 10 | yes | no |
7 | B | Connemara Pony | m | 10 | yes | yes |
8 | C | Andalusier | m | 15 | yes | yes |
9 | C | American Paint | m | 8 | yes | yes |
10 | C | Moritzburger | m | 5 | yes | yes |
11 | D | Bayerisches Warmblut | f | 19 | no | yes |
12 | D | Pinto | f | 15 | yes | yes |
13 | D | Quarter | m | 31 | no | no |
14 | D | Quarter | m | 14 | yes | yes |
Phylum | Genus | Species |
---|---|---|
Firmicutes | Aerococcus | Aerococcus viridans |
Bacillus | Bacillus altitudinis | |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | ||
Bacillus cereus | ||
Bacillus infantis | ||
Bacillus licheniformis | ||
Bacillus mycoides | ||
Bacillus pumilus | ||
Bacillus safensis | ||
Bacillus subtilis | ||
Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens | ||
Bacillus thuringiensis | ||
Bacillus xiamenensis | ||
Butyrivibrio | Butyrivibrio MabrTax32 | |
Carnobacterium | Carnobacterium gallinarum | |
Carnobacterium inhibens | ||
Carnobacterium jeotgali | ||
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum | ||
Carnobacterium viridans | ||
Desemzia | Desemzia incerta | |
Enterococcus | Enterococcus mundtii | |
Lactococcus | Lactococcus raffinolactis | |
Latilactobacillus | Latilactobacillus fuchuensis | |
Lysinibacillus | Lysinibacillus sp. | |
Macrococcus | Macrococcus bohemicus/epidermidis/goetzii | |
Macrococcus bovicus/brunensis | ||
Macrococcus canis | ||
Macrococcus carouselicus | ||
Macrococcus caseolyticus | ||
Macrococcus epidermidis/goetzii | ||
Macrococcus equipercicus | ||
Macrococcus flavus | ||
Macrococcus hajekii | ||
Macrococcus spp. | ||
Mammaliicoccus | Mammaliicoccus vitulinus | |
Micrococcus | Micrococcus sp. | |
Micrococcus flavus | ||
Micrococcus luteus | ||
Neobacillus | Neobacillus bataviensis | |
Niallia | Niallia circulans | |
Paenibacillus | Paenibacillus amylolyticus | |
Paenibacillus beijingensis | ||
Paenibacillus MabrTax5 | ||
Paenibacillus illinoisensis | ||
Paenibacillus lautus | ||
Paenibacillus saccharophilum | ||
Paraclostridium | Paraclostridium benzoelyticum/bifermentans | |
Peribacillus | Peribacillus simplex | |
Peribacillus simplex/butanolivorans/muralis/frigoritolerans | ||
Priestia | Priestia aryabhattai/megaterium | |
Priestia megaterium | ||
Psychrobacillus | Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis | |
Psychrobacillus MabrTax3 | ||
Psychrobacillus psychrodurans | ||
Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis | ||
Solibacillus | Solibacillus silvestris | |
Staphylococcus | Staphylococcus aureus | |
Staphylococcus chromogenes | ||
Staphylococcus delphini/intermedius/pseudintermedius | ||
Staphylococcus equorum | ||
Staphylococcus sciuri | ||
Staphylococcus succinus | ||
Staphylococcus vitulinus | ||
Streptococcus | Streptococcus equinus | |
Streptococcus equorum | ||
Streptococcus gallolyticus | ||
Streptococcus parauberis | ||
Proteobacteria | Acinetobacter | Acinebacter gandavensis |
Acinetobacter lwoffii | ||
Acinetobacter radioresistens | ||
Acinetobacter schindleri | ||
Acinetobacter terrestris | ||
Acinetobacter towneri | ||
Acetobacter | Acetobacter ascendens | |
Aeromonas | Aeromonas aquatica/encheleia | |
Aeromonas bestiarum/salmonicida | ||
Aeromonas encheleia | ||
Aeromonas media/rivipollensis | ||
Aeromonas spp. | ||
Alcaligenes | Alcaligenes faecalis | |
Aliidiomarina | Aliidiomarina haloalkalitolerans | |
Bowmanella | Bowmanella yangjiangensis | |
Colwellia | Colwellia MabrTax21 | |
Dyella | Dyella amyloliquefaciens | |
Erwinia | Erwinia billingiae | |
Escherichia | Escherichia vulneris | |
Haemophilus | Haemophilus parahaemolyticus | |
Kosakonia | Kosakonia sacchari | |
Leclercia | Leclercia adecarboxylata | |
Lelliottia | Lelliottia amnigena | |
Marinomonas | Marinomonas arctica/shanghaiensis | |
Massilia | Massilia aurea | |
Mycobacterium | Mycobacterium MabrTax33 | |
Neisseria | Neisseria musculi | |
Pannonibacter | Pannonibacter indicus | |
Pantoea | Pantoea agglomerans | |
Pantoea sp. | ||
Pantoea vagans | ||
Petrocella | Petrocella atlantisensis | |
Photorhabdus | Photorhabdus heterorhabditis | |
Planococcus | Planococcus glaciei | |
Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas alloputida/capeferrum/hunanensis | |
Pseudomonas azotoformans/carnis/lactis/paralactis | ||
Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis | ||
Pseudomonas koreensis | ||
Pseudomonas lundensis | ||
Pseudomonas MabrTax108 | ||
Pseudomonas MabrTax304 | ||
Pseudomonas MabrTax342 | ||
Pseudomonas proteolytica | ||
Pseudomonas spp. | ||
Pseudomonas tolaasii | ||
Pseudomonas umsongensis | ||
Psychrobacter | Psychrobacter pulmonis | |
Rahnella | Rahnella aquatilis complex | |
Rhizobium | Rhizobium MabrTax114 | |
Serratia | Serratia myotis/quinivorans | |
Shewanella | Shewanella sp. | |
Stenotrophomonas | Stenotrophomonas rhizophila | |
Testudinibacter | Testudinibacter aquarius | |
Thauera | Thauera sedimentorum | |
Thioalkalivibrio | Thioalkalivibrio versutus | |
Actinobacteria | Agrococcus | Agrococcus citreus |
Arthrobacter | Arthrobacter citreus | |
Corynebacterium | Corynebacterium gallinarum | |
Corynebacterium kalinowskii | ||
Curtobacterium | Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens | |
Exiguobacterium | Exiguobacterium acetylicum | |
Exiguobacterium artemiae/sibiricum | ||
Exiguobacterium mexicanum | ||
Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans | ||
Exiguobacterium soli | ||
Exiguobacterium sp. | ||
Glutamicibacter | Glutamicibacter spp. | |
Kocuria | Kocuria carniphila | |
Luteococcus | Luteococcus japonicus | |
Microbacterium | Microbacterium sp. | |
Paenarthrobacter | Paenarthrobacter aurescens | |
Pseudarthrobacter | Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus | |
Sanguibacter | Sanguibacter inulinus | |
Bacteroidetes | Chryseobacterium | Chryseobacterium indoltheticum |
Myroides | Myroides odoratimimus | |
Deinococcota | Deinococcus | Deinococcus budaensis/piscis |
Pseudomonadota | Buttiauxella | Buttiauxella agrestis |
Buttiauxella MabrTax2 | ||
Verrucomicrobiota | Faecalibacterium | Faecalibacter rhinopitheci |
Stable | Type | Dominant Species |
---|---|---|
A | Small private stable | Bacillus cereus |
Exiguobacterium acetylicum | ||
Macrococcus carouselicus | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | ||
B | Large riding school | Bacillus cereus |
Carnobacterium inhibens | ||
Exiguobacterium artemiae/sibiricum | ||
Macrococcus carouselicus | ||
C | Large riding school | Bacillus cereus |
Bacillus pumilus | ||
Carnobacterium inhibens | ||
Exiguobacterium mexicanum | ||
Macrococcus carouselicus | ||
Pantoea agglomerans | ||
Streptococcus parauberis | ||
D | Large riding school | Bacillus cereus |
Carnobacterium inhibens | ||
Staphylococcus equorum |
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Matinpour, M.; Zettner, N.; Neumann, K.; Bäumer, L.; Burkovski, A. Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030623
Matinpour M, Zettner N, Neumann K, Bäumer L, Burkovski A. Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(3):623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030623
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatinpour, Mahdis, Nadine Zettner, Kristin Neumann, Lisa Bäumer, and Andreas Burkovski. 2025. "Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany" Microorganisms 13, no. 3: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030623
APA StyleMatinpour, M., Zettner, N., Neumann, K., Bäumer, L., & Burkovski, A. (2025). Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany. Microorganisms, 13(3), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030623