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Volume 12
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10.3390/microorganisms12030544
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Article

Acanthamoeba Sequence Types and Allelic Variations in Isolates from Clinical and Different Environmental Sources in Italy

by
Federica Berrilli
1,*,
Margherita Montalbano Di Filippo
2,
Isabel Guadano-Procesi
1,*,
Marta Ciavurro
1 and
David Di Cave
1
1
Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
2
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00155 Rome, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030544
Submission received: 23 January 2024 / Revised: 1 March 2024 / Accepted: 5 March 2024 / Published: 8 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Acanthamoeba)
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Abstract

The genus Acanthamoeba comprises free-living amoebae distributed in a wide variety of environments. These amoebae are clinically significant, causing opportunistic infections in humans and other animals. Despite this, limited data on Acanthamoeba sequence types and alleles are available in Italy. In the present study, we analyzed all Acanthamoeba sequences deposited from Italy with new positive Acanthamoeba clinical samples from symptomatic AK cases, to provide an overview of the genetic variants’ spatial patterns from different sources within the Italian context. A total of 137 Acanthamoeba sequences were obtained. Six sequence types were identified: T2/6, T3, T4, T11, T13, and T15. Only T4 and T15 were found in both sources. The Acanthamoeba T4 sequence type was found to be the most prevalent in all regions, accounting for 73% (100/137) of the Italian samples analyzed. The T4 sequence type demonstrated significant allelic diversity, with 30 distinct alleles from clinical and/or environmental samples. These outcomes enabled a better understanding of the distribution of Acanthamoeba isolates throughout Italy, reaffirming its well-recognized ubiquity. Acanthamoeba isolates analysis from keratitis, together with the environmental strains monitoring, might provide important information on different genotypes spreading. This might be useful to define the transmission pathways of human keratitis across different epidemiological scales.
Keywords: Acanthamoeba; sequence types; alleles; phylogenetic analysis; ASA.S1 region; 18S rRNA gene; clinical isolates; environmental isolates Acanthamoeba; sequence types; alleles; phylogenetic analysis; ASA.S1 region; 18S rRNA gene; clinical isolates; environmental isolates

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MDPI and ACS Style

Berrilli, F.; Montalbano Di Filippo, M.; Guadano-Procesi, I.; Ciavurro, M.; Di Cave, D. Acanthamoeba Sequence Types and Allelic Variations in Isolates from Clinical and Different Environmental Sources in Italy. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030544

AMA Style

Berrilli F, Montalbano Di Filippo M, Guadano-Procesi I, Ciavurro M, Di Cave D. Acanthamoeba Sequence Types and Allelic Variations in Isolates from Clinical and Different Environmental Sources in Italy. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(3):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030544

Chicago/Turabian Style

Berrilli, Federica, Margherita Montalbano Di Filippo, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Marta Ciavurro, and David Di Cave. 2024. "Acanthamoeba Sequence Types and Allelic Variations in Isolates from Clinical and Different Environmental Sources in Italy" Microorganisms 12, no. 3: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030544

APA Style

Berrilli, F., Montalbano Di Filippo, M., Guadano-Procesi, I., Ciavurro, M., & Di Cave, D. (2024). Acanthamoeba Sequence Types and Allelic Variations in Isolates from Clinical and Different Environmental Sources in Italy. Microorganisms, 12(3), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030544

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