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Volume 10
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10.3390/microorganisms10010186
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Article

Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase

by
Alejandro Flores-Alanis
1,
Lilia González-Cerón
2,*,
Frida Santillán-Valenzuela
2,
Cecilia Ximenez
3,
Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista
2 and
Rene Cerritos
4,*
1
Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04360, Mexico
2
Regional Center for Public Health Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tapachula 30700, Mexico
3
Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 06720, Mexico
4
Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010186
Submission received: 28 December 2021 / Revised: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 11 January 2022 / Published: 15 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Parasitology)
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Abstract

For 20 years, Plasmodium vivax has been the only prevalent malaria species in Mexico, and cases have declined significantly and continuously. Spatiotemporal genetic studies can be helpful for understanding parasite dynamics and developing strategies to weaken malaria transmission, thus facilitating the elimination of the parasite. The aim of the current contribution was to analyze P. vivax-infected blood samples from patients in southern Mexico during the control (1993–2007) and pre-elimination phases (2008–2011). Nucleotide and haplotype changes in the pvmsp142 fragment were evaluated over time. The majority of multiple genotype infections occurred in the 1990s, when the 198 single nucleotide sequences exhibited 57 segregating sites, 64 mutations, and 17 haplotypes. Nucleotide and genetic diversity parameters showed subtle fluctuations from across time, in contrast to the reduced haplotype diversity and the increase in the R2 index and Tajima’s D value from 2008 to 2011. The haplotype network consisted of four haplogroups, the geographical distribution of which varied slightly over time. Haplogroup-specific B-cell epitopes were predicted. Since only high-frequency and divergent haplotypes persisted, there was a contraction of the parasite population. Given that 84% of haplotypes were exclusive to Mesoamerica, P. vivax flow is likely circumscribed to this region, representing important information for parasite surveillance.
Keywords: Plasmodium vivax; merozoite surface protein 1 (42 kD); pvmsp142; haplotype diversity; haplogroups; B-cell epitopes; control and pre-elimination phases; southern Mexico Plasmodium vivax; merozoite surface protein 1 (42 kD); pvmsp142; haplotype diversity; haplogroups; B-cell epitopes; control and pre-elimination phases; southern Mexico

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MDPI and ACS Style

Flores-Alanis, A.; González-Cerón, L.; Santillán-Valenzuela, F.; Ximenez, C.; Sandoval-Bautista, M.A.; Cerritos, R. Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010186

AMA Style

Flores-Alanis A, González-Cerón L, Santillán-Valenzuela F, Ximenez C, Sandoval-Bautista MA, Cerritos R. Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(1):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flores-Alanis, Alejandro, Lilia González-Cerón, Frida Santillán-Valenzuela, Cecilia Ximenez, Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista, and Rene Cerritos. 2022. "Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase" Microorganisms 10, no. 1: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010186

APA Style

Flores-Alanis, A., González-Cerón, L., Santillán-Valenzuela, F., Ximenez, C., Sandoval-Bautista, M. A., & Cerritos, R. (2022). Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase. Microorganisms, 10(1), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010186

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