Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. How Many Definitive Hosts Are Parasitized by Onchocerca spp.?
3. Does Onchocerciasis Have a Zoonotic Character?
4. Which Factors Are Involved in the Transmission of Animal Onchocerca Species to Humans?
5. What Are the Lesions and Clinical Signs that Onchocerca Species Infecting Animals Cause in Humans?
5.1. Is It Possible That Onchocerca Species Infecting Animals Produce Clinical Symptoms Such as Blindness in Humans?
5.2. Is It Possible That Onchocerca Species Infecting Animals Produce Clinical Disorders Such as Epilepsy in Humans?
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Onchocerca Species | Vectors | Hosts | Geographical Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
O. armillata | Unknown [10] | Cattle [11], buffaloes [11], dromedaries [12], goats [11] | Ghana [13], Iran [14], Senegal [15], Sudan [12], Sierra Leona [16], Tanzania [17], Nigeria [3], Cameroon [10], India [18] |
O. boehmi | Unknown [19] | Horses [19] | Austria [20], Iran [21], Italy [19] |
O. cervicalis | Culicoides nubeculosus [22], C. variipennis [23] | Horses [24], ponies [25], humans [26], donkeys [27] | Australia [24], Japan [28], United Kingdom [22], Holland [29], Canada [30], United States [31], Brazil [32], Poland [33], Spain [33], Egypt [27] |
O. cervipedis | Simulium venustum [34] | White-tailed deer [35], black-tailed deer [35], moose [9], caribou [9] | Canada [35], Costa Rica [36], United States [9], Alaska [9] |
O. dewittei dewittei | Unknown | Wild boar [37] | Malaysia [37] |
O. dewittei japonica | Simulium bidentatum [38], S. arakawae, S. japonicum, S. oitanum, S. quinquestriatum, S. rufibasis [39] | Wild boar [40], humans [41] | Japan [40] |
O. dukei | Simulium hargreavesi, S. vorax, S. damnosum s.l. [42] | Cattle [43] | Zambia [44], Togo [45], Cameroon [43] |
O. eberhardi | Simulium arakawae, S. oitanum, S. bidentatum [46] | Sika deer [47] | Japan [47] |
O. fasciata | Culicoides puncticollis [48] | Dromedaries [49], camels [50] | Sudan [51], Somalia [51], Jordan [52], Saudi Arabia [53], Iran [54], China [55], Mongolia [48] |
O. flexuosa | Prosimulium nigripes, Simulium ornatum [56] | Antelope [57], reed deer [58], Roe deer [59] | Uganda [60], Germany [61], Spain [8], Sweden [5], Slovakia [62] |
O. gutturosa | Culicoides spp., C. kingi [63] | Cattle [43], camels [64], dromedaries [12], horses [65], humans [66] | Iran [14], Senegal [15], Australia [64], Togo [45], Sudan [12], Sierra Leona [16], Cameroon [43], Turkey [67], India [18] |
O. jakutensis | Unknown | Red deer [58], humans [68] | Germany [53], Italy [69], Austria [70], Switzerland [71], Poland [68] |
O. lupi | Simulium sp. [72], S. tribulatum [7] | Wolf [73], Dogs [74], Cats [75], Humans [76] | Georgia [73], Germany [77], Greece [78], Hungary [79], Tunis [80], Turkey [81], Iran [82], Portugal [75], United States [83], Spain [84] |
O. ochengi | S. damnosum s.l. [85] | Cattle [43] | Burkina Faso [86], Senegal [15], Mali [87], Sierra Leona [16], Togo [45], Cameroon [43], Ghana [88] |
O. ramachandrini | Simulium damnosum s.l. [89] | Warthogs [90] | Cameroon [90], Uganda [89] |
O. reticulata | Culicoides nubeculosus Meig [91] | Horses [92], donkeys [27] | France [93], Australia [92], United States [65], Egypt [27] |
O. skrjabini | Simulium arakawae, S. oitanum, S. bidentatum [46], S. japonicum, Prosimulium sp. [28] | Japanese serow [94], sika deer [47] | Japan [47,94] |
Onchocerca spp. type I | Simulium bidentatum [38], S. sigrogilvum [95] | Wild boar [38], cattle [95] | Japan [38], Thailand [95] |
O. suzukii | Simulium japonicum, Prosimulium sp. [28] | Japanese serow [94] | Japan [94] |
O. takaokai | Simulium bidentatum [96] | Wild boar [96] | Japan [96] |
O. volvulus | Simulium sp. [97] | Humans [97] | Brazil [98], Guatemala [99], Uganda [100], Tanzania [101], Democratic Republic of the Congo [102], Yemen [103] |
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Cambra-Pellejà, M.; Gandasegui, J.; Balaña-Fouce, R.; Muñoz, J.; Martínez-Valladares, M. Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health. Pathogens 2020, 9, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090761
Cambra-Pellejà M, Gandasegui J, Balaña-Fouce R, Muñoz J, Martínez-Valladares M. Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health. Pathogens. 2020; 9(9):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090761
Chicago/Turabian StyleCambra-Pellejà, Maria, Javier Gandasegui, Rafael Balaña-Fouce, José Muñoz, and María Martínez-Valladares. 2020. "Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health" Pathogens 9, no. 9: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090761
APA StyleCambra-Pellejà, M., Gandasegui, J., Balaña-Fouce, R., Muñoz, J., & Martínez-Valladares, M. (2020). Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health. Pathogens, 9(9), 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090761