A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Stool Examination for S. stercoralis Infection
2.4. Serology
2.5. Stool Examination for Other Intestinal Helminthic Infestations
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Stool Examination of S. stercoralis Infection
3.3. Intestinal Helminthic Infestations in Stool
3.4. Co-Infections of S. stercoralis and Other Helminths
3.5. Serology of S. stercoralis Infection
3.6. Participant and Housing Characteristics and Their Relation to S. stercoralis Infection
3.7. Serology Versus Stool Examination for Detecting S. stercoralis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 26.7 (6.4) |
Number of deliveries, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.7) |
Gestation age in days, mean (SD) | 172 (59) |
Health center districts, n (%) | |
San Juan | 149 (49.7) |
Puchana | 79 (26.3) |
Belén | 51 (17.0) |
Iquitos | 21 (7.0) |
Area of residence, n (%) | |
Urban area | 166 (55.3) |
Rural area | 134 (44.7) |
Bowel movements/day, mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.7) |
Pathogens | n (%) |
---|---|
Strongyloides stercoralis alone | 16 (53.3) |
S. stercoralis + hookworm | 5 (16.7) |
S. stercoralis + Trichuris trichiura | 5 (16.7) |
S. stercoralis + Ascaris lumbricoides + T. trichiura | 1 (3.3) |
S. stercoralis + A. lumbricoides + hookworms | 1 (3.3) |
S. stercoralis + T. trichiura + hookworms | 1 (3.3) |
S. stercoralis + A. lumbricoides + T. trichiura + hookworms | 1 (3.3) |
Helminthic Parasites | S. stercoralis ELISA | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive n (% row) | Negative n (% row) | ||
Stool examination for S. stercoralis | |||
Modified Baermann method positive (N = 15) | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.7) | <0.001 |
Charcoal culture-positive (N = 23) | 23 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | 0.016 |
Modified Baermann method and/or charcoal culture-positive (N = 30) | 19 (63.3) | 11 (36.7) | < 0.001 |
Stool examination for other intestinal helminthic infestations | |||
A. lumbricoides (N = 49) | 17 (34.7) | 32 (65.3) | 0.87 |
T. trichiura (N = 27) | 27 (44.4) | 15 (55.6) | 0.21 |
Hookworms (N = 11) | 11 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | 0.13 |
Hymenolepis nana (N = 1) | 1(100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.32 |
Variables | S. stercoralis in Feces | S. stercoralis ELISA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | p Value * | Positive | Negative | p Value * | |
Age, mean (SD) | 26.7 (6.5) | 26.9 (5.7) | 0.84 | 26.7 (6.3) | 26.7 (6.7) | 0.35 |
Rural residence, n (%) | 16 (53.3) | 118 (43.7) | 0.31 | 56 (55.4) | 78 (39.2) | 0.007 |
Characteristics of house, n (%) | ||||||
Dirt floor | 8 (26.7) | 81 (30.0) | 0.70 | 30 (29.7) | 59 (29.6) | 0.99 |
Leaf roofing | 27 (90) | 207 (76.7) | 0.094 | 86 (85.1) | 148 (74.4) | 0.033 |
Wooden house | 29 (96.7) | 257 (95.2) | 0.71 | 98 (97.0) | 188 (94.5) | 0.32 |
Brick house | 18 (60.0) | 171 (63.3) | 0.72 | 67 (66.3) | 122 (61.3) | 0.30 |
Characteristics of individuals | ||||||
Bowel movements/day, mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.95 | 1.6 (7.8) | 1.5 (0.7) | 0.64 |
Hemoglobin < 11 g/dL, n (%) | 12 (40) | 121 (44.8) | 0.70 | 42 (41.6) | 91 (45.7) | 0.49 |
S. stercoralis ELISA | Modified Baermann Methods and/or Charcoal Culture | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | ||
Positive | 19 | 82 | 101 |
Negative | 11 | 188 | 199 |
Total | 30 | 270 | 300 |
Sensitivity: 63.3% (95% CI 43.9% to 79.4%) Specificity: 69.6% (95% CI 63.7% to 74.9%) Positive predictive value: 18.8% (95% CI 11.9% to 28.1%) Negative predictive value: 94.4% (95% CI 90.0% to 97.1%) |
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Ortiz-Martínez, S.; Ramos-Rincón, J.-M.; Vásquez-Chasnamote, M.-E.; Alarcón-Baldeón, J.J.; Parraguez-de-la-Cruz, J.; Gamboa-Paredes, O.-N.; Schillyk-Guerra, P.; Espinoza-Venegas, L.-A.; Pinedo-Cancino, V.-V.; Perez-Tanoira, R.; et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin). Pathogens 2020, 9, 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050348
Ortiz-Martínez S, Ramos-Rincón J-M, Vásquez-Chasnamote M-E, Alarcón-Baldeón JJ, Parraguez-de-la-Cruz J, Gamboa-Paredes O-N, Schillyk-Guerra P, Espinoza-Venegas L-A, Pinedo-Cancino V-V, Perez-Tanoira R, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin). Pathogens. 2020; 9(5):348. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050348
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtiz-Martínez, Sonia, José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón, María-Esteyner Vásquez-Chasnamote, Jhonatan J. Alarcón-Baldeón, Jorge Parraguez-de-la-Cruz, Olga-Nohelia Gamboa-Paredes, Patricia Schillyk-Guerra, Luis-Alfredo Espinoza-Venegas, Viviana-Vanessa Pinedo-Cancino, Ramón Perez-Tanoira, and et al. 2020. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin)" Pathogens 9, no. 5: 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050348