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10.3390/pathogens14060564
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Article

Detection and Characterization of Paslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E Virus) in Dairy Products from Hebei Province, China

by
Xinyue Hu
1,2,3,†,
Jinfeng Wang
2,†,
Yinuo Wang
1,2,3,
Wanzhe Yuan
4,
Jianchang Wang
1,2,3,* and
Xiangdong Xu
1,3,*
1
School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
2
Food Microbiology and Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
3
Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
4
College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pathogens 2025, 14(6), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060564
Submission received: 7 May 2025 / Revised: 30 May 2025 / Accepted: 30 May 2025 / Published: 5 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Ecological Interventions in Zoonotic Pathogens)
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Abstract

Paslahepevirus balayani (hepatitis E virus), a zoonotic pathogen transmitted primarily via the fecal–oral route, has undergone shifting transmission dynamics in China, with foodborne and zoonotic routes becoming increasingly significant. To assess the potential risk of HEV transmission through dairy products, this study investigated HEV RNA presence in raw milk from cows, sheep, and goats in Hebei Province, China. From March 2024 to April 2025, we collected 102 cow milk, 18 sheep milk, and 59 goat milk samples, analyzing them using RT-qPCR, with positive samples confirmed by RT-Nested PCR and partial ORF2 sequencing. While no HEV RNA was detected in cow milk, 3/18 (16.67%) sheep milk and 1/59 (1.69%) goat milk samples tested positive. Phylogenetic analysis of two sheep-derived and one goat-derived HEV isolate showed 99.43–100% nucleotide identity to local swine HEV strains (HEV/HB-SJZ158/CHN/2021 and HEV/HB-CD28/CHN/2021), all clustering within genotype 4d, the dominant subtype in the region. This study provided the first evidence of HEV RNA in sheep and goat milk in Hebei Province, suggesting possible cross-species transmission from pigs to ruminants. These findings highlighted the need for further research on HEV transmission risks through dairy products and emphasize the importance of monitoring zoonotic HEV strains in food safety assessments.
Keywords: Paslahepevirus balayani; zoonotic pathogen; sheep milk; goat milk; cross-species transmission Paslahepevirus balayani; zoonotic pathogen; sheep milk; goat milk; cross-species transmission

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, W.; Wang, J.; Xu, X. Detection and Characterization of Paslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E Virus) in Dairy Products from Hebei Province, China. Pathogens 2025, 14, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060564

AMA Style

Hu X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yuan W, Wang J, Xu X. Detection and Characterization of Paslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E Virus) in Dairy Products from Hebei Province, China. Pathogens. 2025; 14(6):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060564

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Xinyue, Jinfeng Wang, Yinuo Wang, Wanzhe Yuan, Jianchang Wang, and Xiangdong Xu. 2025. "Detection and Characterization of Paslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E Virus) in Dairy Products from Hebei Province, China" Pathogens 14, no. 6: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060564

APA Style

Hu, X., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Yuan, W., Wang, J., & Xu, X. (2025). Detection and Characterization of Paslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E Virus) in Dairy Products from Hebei Province, China. Pathogens, 14(6), 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060564

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