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Volume 14
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Article

Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018–2024

by
Tatyana Glebova
1,
Nailya Klivleyeva
1,*,
Assem Baimukhametova
1,
Galina Lukmanova
1,
Nurbol Saktaganov
1,
Nuray Ongarbayeva
1,
Baiken Baimakhanova
1,
Gulmira Kassymova
2,
Madisha Sagatova
3,
Almagul Rachimbayeva
4,
Nazgul Zhanuzakova
5,
Tatyana Naidenova
6,
Nigina Rakhmonova
7 and
Richard Webby
8
1
The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
2
Zhambyl Regional Multidisciplinary Center of Oncology and Surgery, Health Department of the Akimat of Zhambyl Region, Taraz 080003, Kazakhstan
3
The East Kazakhstan Regional Branch of National Center for Expertise, 17 Independence Avenue, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070003, Kazakhstan
4
The Almaty Branch of National Center for Expertise, 3 Zhibek Zholy Avenue, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
5
Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, 146 Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
6
Regional Clinical Hospital of the Health Department of the Karaganda Region, 10 A Nursultan Nazarbayev Avenue, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan
7
LLP “Regional Consultative and Diagnostic Medical Center Sadykhan”, 64 Tole bi Avenue, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan
8
Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2025, 14(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050493 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 April 2025 / Revised: 14 May 2025 / Accepted: 15 May 2025 / Published: 16 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Respiratory tract infections cause serious morbidity and mortality and are a major public health problem. The objective of our study was detection of the prevalence of viral respiratory diseases in the territory of Kazakhstan during the epidemic period of 2018–2024. The presence of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal swabs was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The level of specific antibodies in the blood serum was determined by hemagglutination inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In rtRT-PCR, patients were diagnosed with non-influenza viral respiratory tract infections as well as influenza viruses A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B. Antibodies were detected against A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B viruses and with simultaneous detection of both viruses. The circulation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses belonging to the 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1 clade was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. According to the results, in the period 2018–2024, the spread of influenza A and B viruses and non-influenza respiratory tract infections was observed. The data of this study confirm the role of known causative agents of epidemic infection and indicate the need to continue monitoring their spread in Kazakhstan, which may add to the general quality of the health system.
Keywords: respiratory infection; influenza; virus; antigen; diagnosis respiratory infection; influenza; virus; antigen; diagnosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Glebova, T.; Klivleyeva, N.; Baimukhametova, A.; Lukmanova, G.; Saktaganov, N.; Ongarbayeva, N.; Baimakhanova, B.; Kassymova, G.; Sagatova, M.; Rachimbayeva, A.; et al. Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018–2024. Pathogens 2025, 14, 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050493

AMA Style

Glebova T, Klivleyeva N, Baimukhametova A, Lukmanova G, Saktaganov N, Ongarbayeva N, Baimakhanova B, Kassymova G, Sagatova M, Rachimbayeva A, et al. Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018–2024. Pathogens. 2025; 14(5):493. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050493

Chicago/Turabian Style

Glebova, Tatyana, Nailya Klivleyeva, Assem Baimukhametova, Galina Lukmanova, Nurbol Saktaganov, Nuray Ongarbayeva, Baiken Baimakhanova, Gulmira Kassymova, Madisha Sagatova, Almagul Rachimbayeva, and et al. 2025. "Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018–2024" Pathogens 14, no. 5: 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050493

APA Style

Glebova, T., Klivleyeva, N., Baimukhametova, A., Lukmanova, G., Saktaganov, N., Ongarbayeva, N., Baimakhanova, B., Kassymova, G., Sagatova, M., Rachimbayeva, A., Zhanuzakova, N., Naidenova, T., Rakhmonova, N., & Webby, R. (2025). Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018–2024. Pathogens, 14(5), 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050493

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