Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum Species from Diseased Plantation-Grown Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus massoniana in Southern China

Li, Guoqing; Wu, Wenxia; Lu, Linqin; Chen, Bingyin; Chen, Shuaifei

doi:10.3390/pathogens12040574

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum Species from Diseased Plantation-Grown Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus massoniana in Southern China

Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040574

Submission received: 7 March 2023 / Revised: 29 March 2023 / Accepted: 5 April 2023 / Published: 8 April 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Fungi)

Download

Browse Figures

Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Fungi from Pseudofusicoccum (Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales) have been reported as pathogens, endophytes, or saprophytes from various woody plants in different countries. Recently, Botryosphaeriales isolates were obtained from the dead twigs of Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., Pinus massoniana, and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Fujian Provinces in southern China. This study aimed to understand the diversity, distribution, and virulence of these Pseudofusicoccum species on these trees. A total of 126 Pseudofusicoccum isolates were obtained, and the incidences of Pseudofusicoccum (percentage of trees that yielded Pseudofusicoccum) on A. mangium, P. massoniana, Eucalyptus spp., and C. lanceolata were 21%, 2.6%, 0.5%, and 0%, respectively. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and β-tubulin (tub2) loci, 75% of the total isolates were identified as P. kimberleyense, and the remaining isolates were identified as P. violaceum. For P. kimberleyense, the majority of isolates (83%) were from A. mangium, and the rest were from P. massoniana (14%) and Eucalyptus spp. (3%). Similarly, the proportion of isolates of P. violaceum from A. mangium, P. massoniana, and Eucalyptus spp. were 84%, 13%, and 3%, respectively. Inoculation trials showed that the two species produced expected lesions on the tested seedlings of A. mangium, E. urophylla × E. grandis, and P. elliottii. This study provides fundamental information on Pseudofusicoccum associated with diseases in main plantations in southern China.

Keywords:

Botryosphaeriales; fungal pathogen; virulence; phylogeny

1. Introduction

The genus Pseudofusicoccum was proposed in 2006 based on DNA sequence data to accommodate ‘Fusicoccum stromaticum’ [1,2]. The status has been revised several times in recent years, and now, it is classified into Phyllostictaceae of Botryosphaeriales [3,4]. To date, nine species have been included in the genus [5]. As pathogens, endophytes, or saprophytes, species of Pseudofusicoccum have been reported from many woody plants, such as Mangifera indica, Acacia synchronica, and Eucalyptus spp., in countries including Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay, and Venezuela [6]. The main diseases associated with these fungi include die-back, stem canker, and fruit rot [7,8,9].

Large plantations have been established in China, benefiting from a series of forestry programs [10]. In the subtropical and tropical areas of the country, more than 11 Mha of Cuninghamia lanceolata, 8 Mha of Pinus massoniana, and 5 Mha of Eucalyptus trees have been planted to date [11]. Acacia mangium is another popular species for plantations, but it has a relatively limited cultivation area [12].

In recent years, many diseases have been reported from these plantation trees in China, and numerous pathogens have been reported, including the fungi of Botryosphaeriaceae, Calonectria, Ceratocystis, Cryphonectriaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae, Quambalaria, and Teratosphaeriaceae, and the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum [13,14,15,16]. Out of these, more than 20 species in Botryosphaeriales have been detected, and most of them reside in the genera Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, and Neofusicoccum of Botryosphaeriaceae [15,17,18], but Pseudofusicoccum has not been reported in the country to date.

In 2020, disease surveys were conducted in plantations of A. mangium, C. lanceolata, Eucalyptus spp., and P. massoniana trees in southern China. Symptomatic branches presenting die-back caused by Botryosphaeriales fungi were collected, and Pseudofusicoccum-like isolates were isolated from these hosts. This study aimed to: (1) identify the species of these Pseudofusicoccum isolates from A. mangium, C. lanceolata, Eucalyptus spp., and P. massoniana; (2) determine their geographic distribution on these four different hosts; and (3) evaluate their virulence on A. mangium, E. urophylla × E. grandis, and P. elliottii trees.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Fungal Isolation

Disease surveys were conducted in adjacent plantations of A. mangium, Eucalyptus spp., P. massoniana, and C. lanceolata in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Fujian Provinces in southern China. Die-back of trees occurred commonly in these plantations. A total of 16 sites, 3–5 sites for each province, were selected for sample collection. At each site, about 50 trees with diseased symptoms for each host were selected, and one branch with dead twigs was collected from each diseased tree. Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus spp. trees were approximately 3–4 years old, and P. massoniana and C. lanceolata trees were approximately 7–8 years old. Branches with dead tips were cut off with a high tree pruner.

Botryosphaeriales-like fungi were isolated, and pure cultures were obtained, as described by Li et al. [17]. For branches with pycnidium, the pycnidium was transferred to the medium using a sterile steel needle. For branches without pycnidium, small pieces from the inner part of the branch were transferred to the medium using a sterile scalpel. Four pycnidia or cuttings from different positions on the branch were transferred to one 2% malt extract agar (MEA) (20 g melt extract powder and 20 g agar dissolved in 1 L of water) plate, and one Botryosphaeriales-like isolate for each branch was selected for further study. All of the cultures were deposited in the Culture Collection (CSF) of the Research Institute of Fast-growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China.

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing

The total genomic DNA of the isolate was extracted from the mycelium of 7-day-old cultures, grown on MEA at 25 °C in the dark, using the CTAB method [19]. A total of 2 μL RNase A (10 mg/mL) was added to each DNA sample and samples were incubated at 37°C for 1 h to remove RNA. DNA samples were checked for quality and concentration using a NanoDrop 2000 Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). For PCR amplification, the DNA samples were diluted to approximately 100 ng/µL with DNase/RNase-free ddH₂O (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers [20]. Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) was amplified using the EF1F and EF2R primers [21]. β-tubulin (tub2) was amplified using the BT-2a and BT-2b primers [22]. The PCR reaction mixture contained 35 μL of total volume, which consisted of 18 μL 2× High Fidelity PCR Master Mix (mixture of Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase, MgCl₂, dNTP Mix) (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), 1 μL of each forward and reverse primers, 13 μL ddH₂O, and 2 μL DNA. The amplification conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for ITS and tub2, 59 °C for tef1 for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min, and a final elongation step at 72 °C for 10 min.

The PCR reactions were conducted in a thermocycler (BIO-RAD T100^TM, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The PCR products were examined by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel with 4SGelred (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) 1× Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer at a constant voltage (80 V) for 40 min and visualized under UV light using a Molecular Imager Gel Doc^TM XR System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., California, USA). The PCR products were sequenced in both directions by the Beijing Genomics Institution, Guangzhou, China. Sequences were inspected and manually corrected in Geneious v. 9.1.4 [23]. All of the sequences generated in this study were submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed on 22 March 2023).

2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses

Sequences of ITS, tef1, and tub2 were generated for all of the isolates obtained in this study. Based on the sequences of the three loci, the genotype of each isolate was determined, and 1–2 isolates were selected for phylogenetic analyses. Preliminary identification was conducted by sequence similarity searching using BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, accessed on 8 July 2022), and the available sequences of all of the species in Pseudofusicoccum containing ex-type isolates were downloaded from NCBI for phylogenetic analyses. The sequences were aligned using the online version of MAFFT v.7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/, accessed on 10 February 2023) [24], with the iterative refinement method (FFT-NS-i setting). The alignments were checked manually and edited in MEGA v.6.0.5 [25].

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) methods for datasets of ITS, tef1, and tub2, and the combination of the three loci. ML analyses with 1000 bootstrap replicates were conducted with PhyML v.3.0 [26]. MP analyses were conducted with PAUP v.1.0b10 [27], and gaps were treated as a fifth character. BI analyses were performed with MrBayes v. 3.2.7a [28] on the CIPRES Science Gateway v. 3.3. For ML and BI analyses, the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution for each dataset was determined with jModelTest v.2.1.5 [29]. Bootstrap support values were evaluated using 1000 bootstrap replicates [30]. The phylogenetic analyses were rooted in Botryosphaeria dothidea (CBS 115476). The trees were visualized in FigTree v. 1.4.4.

2.4. Inoculation Trials

To determine the virulence of the species identified in this study, inoculation trials were conducted in a greenhouse using potted healthy seedlings of 1-year-old A. mangium, 1-year-old E. urophylla × E. grandis, and 2-year-old P. elliottii at the South China Experiment Nursery (SCEN), located in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China. These seedlings were approximately 170 cm high and 2 cm in diameter at the root collar.

For each seedling, a wound (5 mm in diameter) was made on the stem (approximately 30 cm above the root collar) using a cork borer to remove the bark and expose the cambium, and the mycelial plug (5 mm diameter) from a 7-day-old culture of the selected isolate was placed into the wound with the mycelium facing the xylem. The wound with the mycelial plug was sealed with masking tape immediately to avoid contamination and desiccation. Negative control was conducted with a clean 2% MEA plug. Ten trees were inoculated for each isolate, including the negative controls. After one month, lesion lengths were measured and recorded. Re-isolations were made from the inoculated plants to fulfill Koch’s postulates. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences in virulence among isolates utilizing SPSS v. 20 [31].

3. Results

3.1. Fungal Isolation

A total of 500 samples were collected from A. mangium, 804 from Eucalyptus spp., 650 from P. massoniana, and 400 from C. lanceolata trees in southern China (Table 1). A total of 126 Pseudofusicoccum isolates identified based on ITS sequences were obtained from these trees (Table 1 and Table 2). Out of these, 105 isolates (83.3%) were obtained from A. mangium, 17 isolates (13.5%) were from P. massoniana, four isolates (3.2%) were from Eucalyptus spp., and no isolates were from C. lanceolata.

3.2. Phylogenetic Analyses and Species Identification

The ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci were amplified for all 126 isolates (Table 2). The sequence fragments were approximately 520 bp for ITS, 280 bp for tef1, and 430 bp for tub2. Sequence alignments were deposited in TreeBASE (30240). Isolates from other studies used for phylogenetic analyses were shown in Table 3. According to the phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, tef1, tub2, and the combined datasets, the isolates in this study (Group A and Group B) were most closely related to P. kimberleyense and P. violaceum (Table 2). The sequence similarity of P. kimberleyense isolates in this study with the type of isolate (CMW 26156) were 99.42% to 99.81% for the ITS region, 98.35% to 99.01% for the tef1 gene region, and 99.08% to 100% for the tub2 gene region. The sequence similarity of P. violaceum isolates in this study with the type of isolate (CMW 22679) were 99.42% to 100% for the ITS region, 99.01% to 100% for the tef1 gene region, and 99.54% to 100% for the tub2 gene region. Although they also clustered or were closely related to P. ardesiacum and P. africanum based on the ITS dataset, they separated distinctly with the two species based on tef1, tub2, and combined datasets (Figure 1 and Figures S1–S3). The ITS and tub2 trees showed close relationships among the isolates in this study with species of P. kimberleyense and P. violaceum, and the tef1 and combined trees provided clear results that separated isolates in Group A and Group B from the two known species (Figure 1 and Figures S1–S3). Additionally, some isolates in this study formed an independent clade in the phylogenetic trees, but these clades had poor bootstrap values. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the four datasets, isolates in Group A and Group B were considered the known species of P. kimberleyense and P. violaceum, respectively.

3.3. Distribution of Pseudofusicoccum

For the four plantation hosts, the incidence of Pseudofusicoccum (percentage of trees that yielded Pseudofusicoccum) was 21% on A. mangium, 2.6% on P. massoniana, 0.5% on Eucalyptus spp., and zero on C. lanceolata based on results in Table 1. Two Pseudofusicoccum species were identified from these trees, and P. kimberleyense was the dominant, comprising 75% of all of the obtained isolates, followed by P. violaceum. For isolates of P. kimberleyense, 83% were from A. mangium, 14% were from P. massoniana, and 3% were from Eucalyptus spp. For isolates of P. violaceum, 84% were from A. mangium, 13% were from P. massoniana, and 3% were from Eucalyptus spp. (Figure 2).

3.4. Inoculation Trials

For the two species identified, 1–3 isolates were selected for inoculations on each of the original hosts. Six isolates of the two species were used to inoculate A. mangium and E. urophylla × E. grandis, and four isolates were used to inoculate P. elliottii (Table 2). Typical lesions with a depression at the inoculation site were observed on inoculated plants, in comparison with wounds on the negative controls. Lesion and wound lengths were recorded one month after inoculation. The results showed that all of the isolates produced lesions on the tested plants, while the controls produced only small wound reactions (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The inoculated species were re-isolated from the lesions, but never from the negative controls.

Overall, the lengths of lesions caused by the inoculated isolates were similar to the wounds produced by the negative controls for each of the three tree species. On A. mangium, three isolates of the two species (P. kimberleyense: CSF18503 and CSF19318, P. violaceum: CSF19320) produced lesions significantly longer than the wounds caused by the controls, while the other three isolates produced lesions not significantly different from the wounds caused by the controls (p = 0.05) (Figure 4A). On P. elliottii, the inoculated isolates produced lesions not significantly different from the wounds caused by the controls, except for isolates CSF18491 (P. kimberleyense) and CSF18430 (P. violaceum) (Figure 4B). On E. urophylla × E. grandis, the inoculated isolates produced lesions significantly longer than the wounds in the negative controls, except for isolate CSF19067 (P. kimberleyense) (Figure 4C).

4. Discussion

In this study, 126 isolates of Pseudofusicoccum were obtained from the plantations of A. mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and P. massoniana from four provinces in southern China. Two species, P. kimberleyense and P. violaceum, were identified based on multi-phylogenetic analyses of ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Pseudofusicoccum species in China.

Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) provides criteria and has been applied for species delimitation for many years [39,40]. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses without the morphological characteristics were used commonly for the identification of described species of Botryosphaeriales, including species of Pseudofusicoccum [41,42,43]. For Pseudofusicoccum species, the common loci used for phylogenetic analyses are ITS, tef1, and tub2, which can provide sufficient information to distinguish most species [2,5,32,44]. The phylogenetic analyses in this study revealed that trees based on each of the loci and a combination of the three loci were necessary for species identification, and tef1 and combined datasets were more efficient in species delimitation in this genus.

Previous studies have detected Pseudofusicoccum species in various hosts in different countries [45,46]. Out of these, P. kimberleyense was first described on Adansonia gibbosam, Acacia synchronica, Eucalyptus sp., and Ficus opposita in Australia [32,47] and also reported from Carya illinoinensis in Brazil [48]. Pseudofusicoccum violaceum, first reported from Pterocarpus angolensis in South Africa [36], has been reported on Tinospora cordifolia in India [49] and Mangifera indica in Malaysia [50]. This study also showed that both were detected in A. mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and P. massoniana. A high proportion of isolates on A. mangium, compared with very rare ones on Eucalyptus spp. and P. massoniana, and no isolates on C. lanceolata in this study, revealed that species of Pseudofusicoccum associated with diseases may have a host preference in the environment.

Inoculation trials revealed that the two Pseudofusicoccum species identified in this study were virulent to the three tested hosts. This is consistent with previous studies showing that these species are also important pathogens to many hosts, including Mangifera indica [50,51,52], Syzygium malaccense [53], and Artemisia annua [9]. Although some isolates presented relatively weak virulence to hosts, such as P. adansoniae, P. ardesicum, and P. kimberleyense on baobab taproots [47], P. africanum on Mimusops caffra [33], and some P. kimberleyense and P. violaceum isolates presenting minor lesions on inoculated seedlings in this study, the co-occurrence with other botryosphaeriaceous fungi revealed that Pseudofusicoccum plays a role in disease occurrence and development [54].

The current study provides foundational data on the diversity, distribution, and virulence of Pseudofusicoccum from plantations of A. mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and P. massoniana in southern China. This study also provides evidence of the host preference of these agents. These Pseudofusicoccum species associated with stem canker and die-back indicate a new potential threat to these plantations and should not be ignored in disease management in the future.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pathogens12040574/s1, Figure S1: Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the ITS locus for Pseudofusicoccum species. Figure S2: Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses the tef1 locus for Pseudofusicoccum species. Figure S3: Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses the tub2 locus for Pseudofusicoccum species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.L. and S.C.; Methodology, G.L. and S.C.; Software, G.L.; Validation, G.L., W.W., L.L., B.C. and S.C.; Formal Analysis, G.L.; Investigation, G.L.; Resources, G.L. and S.C.; Data Curation, G.L. and S.C.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, G.L.; Writing—Review & Editing, G.L., W.W., L.L., B.C. and S.C.; Visualization, G.L.; Supervision, S.C.; Project Administration, S.C.; Funding Acquisition, S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Ten-thousand Talents Program (Project No. W03070115), the National Key R&D Program of China (China-South Africa Forestry Joint Research Centre Project; project No. 2018YFE0120900), and the GuangDong Top Young Talents Program (Project No. 20171172).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The DNA sequences generated in this paper were submitted to the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, accession numbers listed in the Table 2, last accessed on 22 March 2023).

Acknowledgments

We thank Jialong Han and Lansen Sun for their assistance in collecting samples.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

Crous, P.W.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J.; Rheeder, J.; Marasas, W.F.O.; Philips, A.J.L.; Alves, A.; Burgess, T.; Barber, P.; Groenewald, J.Z. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Stud. Mycol. 2006, 55, 235–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Mohali, S.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J. Two new Fusicoccum species from Acacia and Eucalyptus in Venezuela, based on morphology and DNA sequence Data. Mycol. Res. 2006, 110, 405–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Yang, T.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cheewangkoon, R.; Jami, F.; Abdollahzadeh, J.; Lombard, L.; Crous, P.W. Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Biol. 2017, 121, 322–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phillips, A.J.L.; Hyde, K.D.; Alves, A.; Liu, J.-K. Families in Botryosphaeriales: A phylogenetic, morphological and evolutionary perspective. Fungal Divers. 2019, 94, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zhang, W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Lombard, L.; Schumacher, R.K.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Crous, P.W. Evaluating species in Botryosphaeriales. Persoonia 2021, 46, 63–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Farr, D.F.; Rossman, A.Y.; Fungal Databases. U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Available online: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases (accessed on 10 February 2023).
Slippers, B.; Burgess, T.; Pavlic, D.; Ahumada, R.; Maleme, H.; Mohali, S.; Rodas, C.; Wingfield, M. A diverse assemblage of Botryosphaeriaceae infect Eucalyptus in native and non-native environments. South. For. 2009, 71, 101–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Marques, M.W.; Lima, N.B.; Michereff, S.J.; Câmara, M.P.S.; Souza, C.R.B. First report of mango dieback caused by Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum in Brazil. Plant Dis. 2012, 96, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bandamaravuri, A.S.; Nishad, I.; Sharma, B.; Sahu, S.; Sinha, A.K.; Bandamaravuri, K.B. Stem and root rot disease of Artemisia annua caused by Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae in India. J. Plant Pathol. 2022, 104, 1563–1564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
State Forestry Administration of China. Forestry in China. Front. Agric. Sci. Eng. 2017, 4, 509–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China Forest Resources Report 2014–2018; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
Arnold, R.; Xie, Y.J.; Luo, J.Z.; Wang, H.; Midgley, S.J. A tale of two genera: Exotic Eucalyptus and Acacia species in China. 2. Plantation resource development. Int. For. Rev. 2020, 22, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Old, K.M.; See, L.S.; Sharma, J.K.; Yuan, Z.Q. A Manual of Diseases of Tropical Acacias in Australia, South-East Asia and India; CIFOR: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2000; ISBN 978-979-8764-44-8. [Google Scholar]
Zhou, X.D.; Xie, Y.J.; Chen, S.F.; Wingfield, M.J. Diseases of eucalypt plantations in China: Challenges and opportunities. Fungal Divers. 2008, 32, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
Li, H.P.; Wang, J.; Su, X.Y.; Cui, J.Z. First report of tip blight of Pinus tabulaeformis caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea in China. Plant Dis. 2016, 100, 1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Xie, Y.J.; Arnold, R.J.; Wu, Z.H.; Chen, S.F.; Du, A.P.; Luo, J.Z. Advances in eucalypt research in China. Front. Agric. Sci. Eng. 2017, 4, 380–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Li, G.Q.; Liu, F.F.; Li, J.Q.; Liu, Q.L.; Chen, S.F. Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus plantations and adjacent plants in China. Persoonia 2018, 40, 63–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Li, G.Q.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J.; Chen, S.F. Variation in Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus plantations in YunNan Province in southwestern China across a climatic gradient. IMA Fungus 2020, 11, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Van Burik, J.-A.H.; Schreckhise, R.W.; White, T.C.; Bowden, R.A.; Myerson, D. Comparison of six extraction techniques for isolation of DNA from filamentous fungi. Med. Mycol. 1998, 36, 299–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
White, T.J.; Bruns, T.; Lee, S.; Taylor, J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1990; pp. 315–322. [Google Scholar]
Jacobs, K.; Bergdahl, D.R.; Wingfield, M.J.; Halik, S.; Seifert, K.A.; Bright, D.E.; Wingfield, B.D. Leptographium wingfieldii introduced into North America and found associated with exotic Tomicus piniperda and native bark beetles. Mycol. Res. 2004, 108, 411–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Glass, N.L.; Donaldson, G.C. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61, 1323–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Kearse, M.; Moir, R.; Wilson, A.; Stones-Havas, S.; Cheung, M.; Sturrock, S.; Buxton, S.; Cooper, A.; Markowitz, S.; Duran, C.; et al. Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 1647–1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 772–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Peterson, D.; Filipski, A.; Kumar, S. MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 2725–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Guindon, S.; Dufayard, J.-F.; Lefort, V.; Anisimova, M.; Hordijk, W.; Gascuel, O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 2010, 59, 307–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Swofford, D.L. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods); Version 4; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
Ronquist, F.; Teslenko, M.; van der Mark, P.; Ayres, D.L.; Darling, A.; Höhna, S.; Larget, B.; Liu, L.; Suchard, M.A.; Huelsenbeck, J.P. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 2012, 61, 539–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Darriba, D.; Taboada, G.L.; Doallo, R.; Posada, D. jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Hillis, D.M.; Bull, J.J. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Syst. Biol. 1993, 42, 182–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows; Version 20.0; IBM Corp: Armonk, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
Pavlic, D.; Wingfield, M.J.; Barber, P.; Slippers, B.; Hardy, G.E.S.J.; Burgess, T.I. Seven new species of the Botryosphaeriaceae from baobab and other native trees in western Australia. Mycologia 2008, 100, 851–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Jami, F.; Marincowitz, S.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J. New Botryosphaeriales on native red milkwood (Mimusops caffra). Australas. Plant Pathol. 2018, 47, 475–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Trakunyingcharoen, T.; Lombard, L.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cheewangkoon, R.; To-anun, C.; Crous, P.W. Caulicolous Botryosphaeriales from Thailand. Persoonia 2015, 34, 87–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Jayasiri, S.; Hyde, K.D.; Jones, E.B.G.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Jeewon, R.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Bhat, D.J.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Liu, J.K.; Lu, Y.Z.; et al. Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits. Mycosphere 2019, 10, 1–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mehl, J.W.M.; Slippers, B.; Roux, J.; Wingfield, M.J. Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Pterocarpus angolensis (Kiaat) in South Africa. Mycologia 2011, 103, 534–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Phillips, A.J.L.; Alves, A.; Pennycook, S.R.; Johnston, P.R.; Ramaley, A.; Akulov, A.; Crous, P.W. Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Persoonia 2008, 21, 29–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Slippers, B.; Crous, P.W.; Denman, S.; Coutinho, T.A.; Wingfield, B.D.; Wingfield, M.J. Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia 2004, 96, 83–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Taylor, J.W.; Jacobson, D.J.; Kroken, S.; Kasuga, T.; Geiser, D.M.; Hibbett, D.S.; Fisher, M.C. Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2000, 31, 21–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Cai, L.; Giraud, T.; Zhang, N.; Begerow, D.; Cai, G.; Shivas, R.G. The evolution of species concepts and species recognition criteria in plant pathogenic fungi. Fungal Divers. 2011, 50, 121–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Luna, I.J.; Besoain, X.; Saa, S.; Peach-Fine, E.; Morales, F.C.; Riquelme, N.; Larach, A.; Morales, J.; Ezcurra, E.; Ashworth, V.E.; et al. Identity and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from Juglans regia in Chile. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 2022, 61, 79–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Machado, A.R.; Custódio, F.A.; Cabral, P.G.C.; Capucho, A.S.; Pereira, O.L. Botryosphaeriaceae Species Causing Dieback on Annonaceae in Brazil. Plant Pathol. 2019, 68, 1394–1406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mohankumar, V.; Dann, E.K.; Akinsanmi, O.A. Diversity and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with macadamia branch dieback in Australia. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 2576–2582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Senwanna, C.; Hongsanan, S.; Hyde, K.D.; Cheewangkoon, R.; Konta, S.; Wang, Y. First report of the sexual morph of Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae Pavlic, T.I.Burgess & M.J.Wingf. on Para rubber. Cryptogam. Mycol. 2020, 41, 133–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Phillips, A.J.L.; Alves, A.; Abdollahzadeh, J.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. The Botryosphaeriaceae: Genera and species known from culture. Stud. Mycol. 2013, 76, 51–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Dissanayake, A.J.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Li, X.H.; Hyde, K.D. Botryosphaeriaceae: Current status of genera and species. Mycosphere 2016, 7, 1001–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sakalidis, M.L.; Hardy, G.E.S.J.; Burgess, T.I. Endophytes as potential pathogens of the baobab species Adansonia gregorii: A focus on the Botryosphaeriaceae. Fungal Ecol. 2011, 4, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Rolim, J.M.; Savian, L.G.; Walker, C.; Rabuske, J.E.; Sarzi, J.S.; Muniz, M.F.B.; da Silva, J.C.P. First report of stem canker caused by Neofusicoccum parvum and Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense on Carya illinoinensis in Brazil. Plant Dis. 2020, 104, 3067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mishra, A.; Gond, S.K.; Kumar, A.; Sharma, V.K.; Verma, S.K.; Kharwar, R.N.; Sieber, T.N. Season and tissue type affect fungal endophyte communities of the Indian medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia more strongly than geographic location. Microb. Ecol. 2012, 64, 388–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Li, L.; Mohd, M.H.; Nor, N.M.I.M.; Subramaniam, S.; Latiffah, Z. Identification of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with stem-end rot of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Malaysia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2021, 130, 1273–1284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Marques, M.W.; Lima, N.B.; de Morais, M.A.; Michereff, S.J.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Câmara, M.P.S. Botryosphaeria, Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalidium and Pseudofusicoccum species associated with mango in Brazil. Fungal Divers. 2013, 61, 195–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Coutinho, I.B.; Cardoso, J.E.; Lima, C.S.; Lima, J.S.; Gonçalves, F.J.; Silva, A.M.; Freire, F.C. An emended description of Neofusicoccum brasiliense and characterization of Neoscytalidium and Pseudofusicoccum species associated with tropical fruit plants in northeastern Brazil. Phytotaxa 2018, 358, 251–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Silveira, G.F.; Melo, M.P.; Teixeira, J.W.M.; Viana, D.C.; Silva, J.D.C.; Beserra, J.E.A., Jr. First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum causing dieback in Syzygium malaccense tree in Brazil. For. Pathol. 2018, 48, e12408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sessa, L.; Abreo, E.; Lupo, S. Pseudofusicoccum sp. causing shoot canker in peach in Uruguay. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 2021, 16, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the combined DNA dataset of ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci for Pseudofusicoccum species. Isolates in blue (Group A) and red (Group B) colors in bold were sequenced in this study. Bootstrap support values ≥ 70% for ML and MP (maximum parsimony) and probabilities values of BI (Bayesian inference) ≥ 0.9 are presented above the branches as follows: ML/MP/BI, bootstrap support values < 70% and probabilities values < 0.9 are marked with ‘*’, and absent are marked with ‘-’. Ex-type isolates are marked with ‘T’. The trees were rooted in Botryosphaeria dothidea (CBS 115476).

Figure 2. Percentage of isolates on Acacia mangium, Pinus massoniana, and Eucalyptus spp. for each species of Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense (A) and P. violaceum (B).

Figure 3. Symptoms observed on Acacia mangium (A–C), Pinus elliottii (D–F), and Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis (G–I) one month after inoculation. (A) Lesion produced by isolate CSF18503 (P. kimberleyense); (B) lesion produced by isolate CSF19320 (P. violaceum); (C) negative control; (D) lesion produced by isolate CSF18491 (P. kimberleyense); (E) lesion produced by isolate CSF19418 (P. violaceum); (F) negative control; (G) lesion produced by isolate CSF19064 (P. kimberleyense); (H) lesion produced by isolate CSF18895 (P. violaceum); (I) negative control.

Figure 4. Column chart indicating the average lesion length (mm) produced by isolates of Pseudofusicoccum on the tested seedlings of Acacia mangium (A), Pinus elliottii (B), and Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis (C). Bars represent the standard error of the mean, and different letters on the bars indicate treatment means that are significantly different (p = 0.05). The isolates without boxes are P. kimberleyense, and the isolates with boxes are P. violaceum.

Table 1. Samples collected and Pseudofusicoccum isolates obtained in this study.

Plantation Tree Species	Number of Samples				Number of P. kimberleyense/P. violaceum Isolates
Plantation Tree Species	Guangdong	Guangxi	Hainan	Fujian	Guangdong	Guangxi	Hainan	Fujian
Acacia mangium	150	100	200	50	9/0	20/10	35/6	15/10
Pinus massoniana	250	200	50	150	7/1	2/0	4/0	0/3
Eucalyptus spp.	254	200	200	150	0/0	0/0	3/1	0/0
Cunninghamia lanceolata	150	100	0	150	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0

Table 2. Isolates sequenced and used for phylogenetic analyses and inoculation trials in this study.

Species	Genotype ^a	Isolation No. ^b	Host	Location	GPS Information	Collector	GenBank Accession No. ^c
Species	Genotype ^a	Isolation No. ^b	Host	Location	GPS Information	Collector	ITS	tef1	tub2
Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense	AAA	CSF14609 ^d	Acacia mangium	Yangdong County, Yangjiang Region, Guangdong Province, China	22°01′27″ N, 112°11′17″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659775	OQ659901	OQ660027
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF14635 ^d	Pinus massoniana	Yangchun County, Yangjiang Region, Guangdong Province, China	21°55′31″ N, 111°38′37″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659776	OQ659902	OQ660028
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18370	P. massoniana	Huazhou County, Maoming Region, Guangdong Province, China	21°47′05″ N, 110°28′35″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659777	OQ659903	OQ660029
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18519	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659778	OQ659904	OQ660030
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18531	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659779	OQ659905	OQ660031
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18848	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659780	OQ659906	OQ660032
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18860	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659781	OQ659907	OQ660033
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF18957 ^e	P. massoniana	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659782	OQ659908	OQ660034
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19124 ^e	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659783	OQ659909	OQ660035
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19126	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659784	OQ659910	OQ660036
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19131	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659785	OQ659911	OQ660037
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19134	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659786	OQ659912	OQ660038
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19345	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659787	OQ659913	OQ660039
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19348	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659788	OQ659914	OQ660040
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19359	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659789	OQ659915	OQ660041
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19659	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″ N, 115°45′46″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659790	OQ659916	OQ660042
P. kimberleyense	AAA	CSF19661	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″ N, 115°45′46″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659791	OQ659917	OQ660043
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19094 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659792	OQ659918	OQ660044
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19099 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″N, 109°13′43″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659793	OQ659919	OQ660045
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19106	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659794	OQ659920	OQ660046
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19109	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659795	OQ659921	OQ660047
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19111	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659796	OQ659922	OQ660048
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19117	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659797	OQ659923	OQ660049
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19120	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659798	OQ659924	OQ660050
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19122	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659799	OQ659925	OQ660051
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19129	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659800	OQ659926	OQ660052
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19136	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659801	OQ659927	OQ660053
P. kimberleyense	AAB	CSF19138	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″N, 109°13′43″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659802	OQ659928	OQ660054
P. kimberleyense	AAC	CSF18423 ^d	P. massoniana	Fengkai County, Zhaoqing Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°26′59″ N, 111°34′37″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659803	OQ659929	OQ660055
P. kimberleyense	AAC	CSF18503 ^de	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659804	OQ659930	OQ660056
P. kimberleyense	AAC	CSF18517	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659805	OQ659931	OQ660057
P. kimberleyense	AAD	CSF19107 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659806	OQ659932	OQ660058
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18642 ^d	P. massoniana	Rongan County, Liuzhou Region, Guangxi Province, China	25°15′11″ N, 109°25′45″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659807	OQ659933	OQ660059
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18829 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659808	OQ659934	OQ660060
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18830	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659809	OQ659935	OQ660061
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18842	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659810	OQ659936	OQ660062
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18990	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659811	OQ659937	OQ660063
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF18991	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659812	OQ659938	OQ660064
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19064 ^e	Eucalyptus sp.	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659813	OQ659939	OQ660065
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19067 ^e	Eucalyptus sp.	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659814	OQ659940	OQ660066
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19092	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659815	OQ659941	OQ660067
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19116	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659816	OQ659942	OQ660068
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19118	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659817	OQ659943	OQ660069
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19123	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659818	OQ659944	OQ660070
P. kimberleyense	ABA	CSF19128	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659819	OQ659945	OQ660071
P. kimberleyense	ABC	CSF18375 ^d	P. massoniana	Huazhou County, Maoming Region, Guangdong Province, China	21°47′05″ N, 110°28′35″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659820	OQ659946	OQ660072
P. kimberleyense	ABD	CSF19112 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659821	OQ659947	OQ660073
P. kimberleyense	ACA	CSF19125 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659822	OQ659948	OQ660074
P. kimberleyense	ADB	CSF19093 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659823	OQ659949	OQ660075
P. kimberleyense	AEE	CSF18839 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659824	OQ659950	OQ660076
P. kimberleyense	AFA	CSF18961 ^d	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659825	OQ659951	OQ660077
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF14162 ^d	P. massoniana	Gaozhou County, Maoming Region, Guangdong Province, China	22°11′31″ N, 110°44′45″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659826	OQ659952	OQ660078
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18376 ^de	P. massoniana	Huazhou County, Maoming Region, Guangdong Province, China	21°47′05″ N, 110°28′35″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659827	OQ659953	OQ660079
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18407	A. mangium	Yangchun County, Yangjiang Region, Guangdong Province, China	21°55′32″ N, 111°38′39″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659828	OQ659954	OQ660080
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18425	P. massoniana	Fengkai County, Zhaoqing Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°26′59″ N, 111°34′37″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659829	OQ659955	OQ660081
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18491 ^e	P. massoniana	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659830	OQ659956	OQ660082
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18522	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659831	OQ659957	OQ660083
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18538	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659832	OQ659958	OQ660084
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18539	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659833	OQ659959	OQ660085
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18822	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659834	OQ659960	OQ660086
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18823	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659835	OQ659961	OQ660087
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18825	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″N, 107°52′60″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659836	OQ659962	OQ660088
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18919	P. massoniana	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659837	OQ659963	OQ660089
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18923	P. massoniana	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659838	OQ659964	OQ660090
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18924	P. massoniana	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659839	OQ659965	OQ660091
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18973	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659840	OQ659966	OQ660092
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF18993	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659841	OQ659967	OQ660093
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19135	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659842	OQ659968	OQ660094
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19182	A. mangium	Danzhou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°41′42″ N, 109°19′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659843	OQ659969	OQ660095
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19318 ^e	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11′ ’E	G.Q. Li	OQ659844	OQ659970	OQ660096
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19324	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659845	OQ659971	OQ660097
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19325	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659846	OQ659972	OQ660098
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19327	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659847	OQ659973	OQ660099
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19328	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659848	OQ659974	OQ660100
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19336	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659849	OQ659975	OQ660101
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19337	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659850	OQ659976	OQ660102
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19341	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659851	OQ659977	OQ660103
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19353	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659852	OQ659978	OQ660104
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19354	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″N, 117°31′40″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659853	OQ659979	OQ660105
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19358	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659854	OQ659980	OQ660106
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19650	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″ N, 115°45′46″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659855	OQ659981	OQ660107
P. kimberleyense	BAA	CSF19658	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″ N, 115°45′46″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659856	OQ659982	OQ660108
P. kimberleyense	BAC	CSF19110 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659857	OQ659983	OQ660109
P. kimberleyense	BAC	CSF19649 ^d	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″ N, 115°45′46″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659858	OQ659984	OQ660110
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF14610 ^d	A. mangium	Yangdong County, Yangjiang Region, Guangdong Province, China	22°01′27″N, 112°11′17″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659859	OQ659985	OQ660111
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF18513	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659860	OQ659986	OQ660112
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF18835	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659861	OQ659987	OQ660113
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF18854	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659862	OQ659988	OQ660114
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF18858	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659863	OQ659989	OQ660115
P. kimberleyense	BBA	CSF19653 ^d	A. mangium	Jiexi County, Jieyang Region, Guangdong Province, China	23°28′49″N, 115°45′46″E	G.Q. Li	OQ659864	OQ659990	OQ660116
P. kimberleyense	BCA	CSF19121 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659865	OQ659991	OQ660117
P. kimberleyense	BCA	CSF19137 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659866	OQ659992	OQ660118
P. kimberleyense	CAA	CSF19096 ^d	A. mangium	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659867	OQ659993	OQ660119
P. kimberleyense	CBA	CSF19066 ^de	Eucalyptus sp.	Ledong County, Hainan Province, China	18°44′44″ N, 109°13′43″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659868	OQ659994	OQ660120
P. kimberleyense	DBA	CSF19343 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659869	OQ659995	OQ660121
P. violaceum	AAA	CSF18527 ^d	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659870	OQ659996	OQ660122
P. violaceum	AAA	CSF18841 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659871	OQ659997	OQ660123
P. violaceum	AAA	CSF19180	A. mangium	Danzhou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°41′42″ N, 109°19′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659872	OQ659998	OQ660124
P. violaceum	AAA	CSF19339	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659873	OQ659999	OQ660125
P. violaceum	AAB	CSF19320 ^de	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659874	OQ660000	OQ660126
P. violaceum	AAB	CSF19321 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659875	OQ660001	OQ660127
P. violaceum	AAB	CSF19323	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659876	OQ660002	OQ660128
P. violaceum	ABA	CSF19259 ^de	P. massoniana	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°46′43″ N, 117°36′11″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659877	OQ660003	OQ660129
P. violaceum	ABA	CSF19335 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659878	OQ660004	OQ660130
P. violaceum	ABA	CSF19338	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659879	OQ660005	OQ660131
P. violaceum	ABA	CSF19418 ^e	P. massoniana	Yongtai County, Fuzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	25°54′02″ N, 118°54′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659880	OQ660006	OQ660132
P. violaceum	ABA	CSF19419	P. massoniana	Yongtai County, Fuzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	25°54′02″ N, 118°54′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659881	OQ660007	OQ660133
P. violaceum	ACA	CSF18515 ^d	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659882	OQ660008	OQ660134
P. violaceum	ACA	CSF19357 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659883	OQ660009	OQ660135
P. violaceum	ADA	CSF18979 ^d	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659884	OQ660010	OQ660136
P. violaceum	ADB	CSF18972 ^d	A. mangium	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659885	OQ660011	OQ660137
P. violaceum	AEA	CSF18430 ^de	P. massoniana	Ruyuan County, Shaoguan Region, Guangdong Province, China	24°50′13″ N, 113°21′03″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659886	OQ660012	OQ660138
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF18827 ^de	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659887	OQ660013	OQ660139
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF18828 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659888	OQ660014	OQ660140
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF18844	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659889	OQ660015	OQ660141
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF18895 ^e	Eucalyptus sp.	Qiongshan District, Haikou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°40′39″ N, 110°26′51″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659890	OQ660016	OQ660142
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF19222	A. mangium	Danzhou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°41′42″ N, 109°19′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659891	OQ660017	OQ660143
P. violaceum	BAA	CSF19351	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659892	OQ660018	OQ660144
P. violaceum	BAB	CSF18533 ^d	A. mangium	Beiliu County, Yulin Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°47′12″ N, 110°17′53″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659893	OQ660019	OQ660145
P. violaceum	BAC	CSF18840 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659894	OQ660020	OQ660146
P. violaceum	BBA	CSF18859 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659895	OQ660021	OQ660147
P. violaceum	BCA	CSF19344 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47″ N, 117°31′40″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659896	OQ660022	OQ660148
P. violaceum	BCB	CSF18843 ^d	A. mangium	Shangsi County, Fangchenggang Region, Guangxi Province, China	22°06′50″ N, 107°52′60″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659897	OQ660023	OQ660149
P. violaceum	BDA	CSF19202 ^d	A. mangium	Danzhou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°41′42″ N, 109°19′50″ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659898	OQ660024	OQ660150
P. violaceum	BDB	CSF19217 ^de	A. mangium	Danzhou Region, Hainan Province, China	19°41′42″ N, 109°19′50′′ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659899	OQ660025	OQ660151
P. violaceum	CAA	CSF19347 ^d	A. mangium	Huaan County, Zhangzhou Region, Fujian Province, China	24°57′47′′ N, 117°31′40′′ E	G.Q. Li	OQ659900	OQ660026	OQ660152

^a Genotype within each species determined by ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. The three capital letters of genotype represent the ITS, tef1, and tub2 sequences, respectively. The same letter among isolates from each species means they shared the same genotype. ^b CSF: Culture Collection of the Research Institute of Fast-growing trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China. ^c ITS: internal transcribed spacer; tef1: translation elongation factor 1-alpha; tub2: β-tubulin. ^d Isolates used for phylogenetic analyses. ^e Isolates used for inoculation trials.

Table 3. Isolates from other studies and used for phylogenetic analyses for this study.

Species	Isolate No.^a	Host	Location	Collector	GenBank Accession No.^b			Reference
Species	Isolate No.^a	Host	Location	Collector	ITS	tef1	tub2	Reference
Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae	CMW 26147 = CBS 122055	Adansonia gibbosa	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EF585523	EF585571	MT592771	[5,32]
P. adansoniae	CMW26146 = CBS 122054	Eucalyptus sp.	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EF585532	EF585570	MT592770	[5,32]
P. africanum	CMW 48028 = PPRI 25471	Mimusops caffra	South Africa	M.J. Wingfield	MH558614	MH576590	NA	[33]
P. africanum	CMW 48027	Mimusops caffra	South Africa	M.J. Wingfield	MH558616	MH576591	NA	[33]
P. ardesiacum	CMW 26159 = CBS 122062	Adansonia gibbosa	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EU144060	EU144075	KX465069	[3,32]
P. ardesiacum	CMW 26155 = CBS 122063	Adansonia gibbosa	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EU144061	EU144076	KX465070	[3,32]
P. artocarpi	CPC 22796 = CBS 138655	Artocarpus heterophyllus	Thailand	T. Trakunyingcharoen	KM006452	KM006483	MT882262	[5,34]
P. calophylli	MFLUCC 17-2533 = KUMCC 18-0282	Calophyllum inophyllum	Thailand	S.C. Jayasiri	MK347764	MK340877	MK412885	[35]
P. kimberleyensis	CMW 26156 = CBS 122058	Acacia synchronica	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EU144057	EU144072	MT592773	[5,32]
P. kimberleyensis	CMW 26157 = CBS 122059	Eucalyptus sp.	Australia	T.I. Burgess	EU144056	EU144071	MT592774	[5,32]
P. olivaceum	CMW 20881 = CBS 124939	Pterocarpus angolensis	South Africa	J. Roux	FJ888459	FJ888437	MT592776	[5,36]
P. olivaceum	CMW 22637 = CBS 124940	Pterocarpus angolensis	South Africa	J. Mehl & J. Roux	FJ888462	FJ888438	MT592777	[5,36]
P. stromaticum	CMW 13434 = CBS 117448	Eucalyptus hybrid	Venezuela	S. Mohali	AY693974	AY693975	EU673094	[2,37]
P. stromaticum	CMW 13435 = CBS 117449	Eucalyptus hybrid	Venezuela	S. Mohali	DQ436935	DQ436936	EU673093	[2,37]
P. violaceum	CMW 22679 = CBS 124936	Pterocarpus angolensis	South Africa	J. Mehl & J. Roux	FJ888474	FJ888442	MT592782	[5,36]
P. violaceum	CMW 20436 = CBS 124937	Pterocarpus angolensis	South Africa	J. Roux	FJ888458	FJ888440	MT592783	[5,36]
B. dothidea	CBS 115476 = CMW 8000	Prunus sp.	Switzerland	B. Slippers	AY236949	AY236898	AY236927	[38]

^a Isolates in bold represent ex-type. CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CMW: Culture collection of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; CPC = Culture Collection of P.W. Crous, housed at CBS; KUMCC: Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection, Yunnan, China; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; PPRI: the South African National Collection of Fungi, Roodeplaat, South Africa. ^b ITS: internal transcribed spacer; tef1: translation elongation factor 1-alpha; tub2: β-tubulin.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, G.; Wu, W.; Lu, L.; Chen, B.; Chen, S. Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum Species from Diseased Plantation-Grown Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus massoniana in Southern China. Pathogens 2023, 12, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040574

AMA Style

Li G, Wu W, Lu L, Chen B, Chen S. Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum Species from Diseased Plantation-Grown Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus massoniana in Southern China. Pathogens. 2023; 12(4):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040574

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Guoqing, Wenxia Wu, Linqin Lu, Bingyin Chen, and Shuaifei Chen. 2023. "Characterization of Pseudofusicoccum Species from Diseased Plantation-Grown Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus massoniana in Southern China" Pathogens 12, no. 4: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040574

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu