Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dataset
2.2. Descriptive Analysis
2.3. Descriptive Spatiotemporal Analysis
2.4. Cluster Detection
2.5. Space–Time Permutation Model
2.6. Estimation of Farm-Level Reproduction Ratio (R0)
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Factors
3.2. Descriptive Spatiotemporal Analysis
3.3. Between-Farm Reproduction Ratio
3.4. Cluster Analysis
3.5. Space–Time Permutation Model
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inventory Type | Farm Type | Total Number (% of All Pigs) | Mean | SD | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Pigs | Backyard | 857 (4) | 7 | 6.2 | 5 | 1 | 24 |
CNT | 8819 (47) | 294 | 564 | 72 | 28 | 2855 | |
ST | 9234 (49) | 2309 | 1439 | 1974 | 1015 | 4271 | |
Live Pigs | Backyard | 631 (3) | 5 | 5.1 | 3 | 0 | 24 |
CNT | 8503 (45) | 283 | 552 | 72 | 12 | 2811 | |
ST | 9234 (49) | 2309 | 1439 | 1974 | 1015 | 4271 | |
Dead Pigs | Backyard | 226 (1) | 2 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
CNT | 316 (1) | 11 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 96 | |
ST | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical Sign or Necropsy Finding | Production Type (Number of Farms) * Number Reporting Sign (% By Production Stage) ** | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piglet (63) | Nursery (35) | Boars (39) | Sows (60) | Fattening (40) | Total | |
Dead | 26 (41) | 22 (63) | 19 (49) | 26 (43) | 11 (28) | 104 (44) |
Anorexia | 25 (40) | 11 (31) | 10 (26) | 24 (40) | 20 (50) | 90 (38) |
Fever | 12 (19) | 14 (40) | 11 (28) | 20 (33) | 16 (40) | 70 (30) |
Diarrhea | 12 (19) | 6 (17) | 7 (18) | 11 (18) | 7 (18) | 43 (18) |
Lethargy | 9 (14) | 7 (20) | 4 (10) | 13 (22) | 10 (25) | 39 (17) |
Red skin | 5 (8) | 5 (14) | 5 (13) | 4 (7) | 4 (10) | 30 (13) |
Epistaxis | 4 (6) | 3 (9) | 5 (13) | 8 (13) | 3 (8) | 23 (10) |
No symptoms | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 4 (7) | 0 (0) | 8 (3) |
Sudden death (specifically) | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 7 (3) |
Vomiting | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 3 (5) | 1 (3) | 7 (3) |
Hemorrhage (unspecified) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 5 (2) |
Nervous signs | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 2 (5) | 4 (2) |
Splenomegaly | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 3 (1) |
Respiratory | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (0.4) |
Category | Biosecurity Factor | Number (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Backyard | CNT | ST | ||
Farm Access | Clean/dirty line with change of clothes and boot covers | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (50) |
Farm Access | Has a shower | 0 (0) | 5 (17) | 3 (75) |
Farm Access | Has closed entrance doors | 2 (2) | 10 (33) | 3 (75) |
Farm Access | Has visitor log | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (25) |
Farm Access | Has vehicle disinfection arch | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (25) |
Farm Access | Has foot baths and change of disinfectant | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (25) |
Farm Access | Disinfects goods and equipment brought on farm | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (75) |
Farm Access | Has unloading ramp | 1 (0.8) | 10 (33) | 4 (100) |
Farm Access | Perimeter fence is in good condition | 1 (0.8) | 4 (13) | 3 (75) |
Barn Access | Has cleaning and disinfection of the entrance | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 3 (75) |
Barn Access | Each barn has dedicated staff | 0 (0) * | 6 (20) | 3 (75) |
Barn Access | Each barn has dedicated carts and work items | 1 (0.83) | 4 (13) | 3 (75) |
Barn Access | Has rodent control | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 3 (75) |
Barn Access | Has bird curtain | 0 (0) | 5 (17) | 1 (25) |
Barn Access | Has clean staff clothing | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 2 (50) |
Barn Access | Has footbath with frequent change of disinfectant | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (25) |
Barn Access | Has cement floor with periodic disinfection | 6 (5.0) | 12 (40) | 4 (100) |
Barn Access | Has feeders in good condition and periodic disinfection | 0 (0) | 6 (20) | 4 (100) |
Staff | Staff receive biosecurity training | 0 (0) * | 0 (0) | 2 (50) |
Staff | Staff have their own pigs | 0 (0) * | 0 (0) | 1 (25) |
Staff | Staff have dedicated and clean clothes | 0 (0) * | 2 (7) | 3 (75) |
Staff | Staff required to shower upon entering the barn or pig house | 0 (0) ** | 3 (10) | 3 (75) |
Staff | Staff bring food into the barns | 32 (27) * | 26 (87) | 3 (75) |
Breeding | Use natural mount | 67 (55) | 26 (87) | 4 (100) |
Breeding | Use artificial insemination | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 3 (75) |
Breeding | Produces their own semen | 25 (21) | 21 (70) | 4 (100) |
Breeding | Has boars for exclusive use | 16 (13) | 22 (73) | 4 (100) |
Breeding | Produces their own replacement pigs | 28 (23) | 21 (70) | 3 (75) |
General | Buries mortality on farm | 34 (28) | 21 (70) | 4 (100) |
General | Feed enters with its own truck | 9 (7) | 16 (53) | 3 (75) |
General | Trucks are disinfected at the entrance and exit | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 3 (75) |
General | Other species are present on premise | 27 (23) * | 18 (60) | 1 (25) |
General | Uses one needle per pig for injections of drugs or vaccines | 7 (6) | 5 (17) | 4 (100) |
General | Has weeds on the perimeter or close to the food | 62 (51) | 18 (60) | 0 (0) |
General | Pens drain adequately without causing flooding | 1 (0.8) | 5 (17) | 4 (100) |
General | Has clean animal loading and unloading area | 0 (0) | 6 (20) | 4 (100) |
Water source for pigs *** | Drinking water | 67 (55) | 10 (33) | *** |
Non-drinking water | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | *** |
Reason for ASF Introduction Suspected by Producer | Number of Farms (%) * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Backyard (n = 103) | CNT (n = 17) | ST (n = 2) | Total (n = 122) | |
Proximity to other outbreaks and farms | 43 (42) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 43 (35) |
Movements of pigs between farms or free-range domestic pigs | 26 (25) | 8 (47) | 0 (0) | 34 (28) |
Swill or garbage feeding | 32 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 32 (26) |
Movements of and contact with people | 10 (10) | 4 (24) | 0 (0) | 14 (12) |
Feed (unspecified source) | 11 (11) | 2 (12) | 0 (0) | 13 (11) |
Sharing breeding boar | 8 (8) | 4 (24) | 0 (0) | 12 (10) |
Non-pig animals | 5 (5) | 3 (18) | 2 (100) | 10 (8) |
Water | 2 (2) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) |
Vehicles/Trucks | 0 (0) | 2 (12) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) |
Carcass disposal method | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |
Near landfill | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |
Cluster | Radius (km) | Timeframe | Number of Cases | O/E Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.76 | 1 January 2023 to 7 January 2023 | 6 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
2 | 2.23 | 22 January 2023 to 28 January 2023 | 6 | 21.3 | <0.001 |
3 | 0.00042 | 11 June 2023 to 17 June 2023 | 7 | 10.9 | <0.001 |
4 | 0.21 | 5 March 2023 to 11 March 2023 | 4 | 30.6 | <0.001 |
5 | 0 | 5 February 2023 to 11 February 2023 | 4 | 25.5 | 0.001 |
6 | 0 | 12 February 2023 to 18 February 2023 | 4 | 25.5 | 0.001 |
7 | 0.63 | 23 April 2023 to 29 April 2023 | 4 | 21.9 | 0.003 |
8 | 0 | 12 March 2023 to 18 March 2023 | 4 | 17 | 0.011 |
9 | 0 | 11 June 2023 to 17 June 2023 | 5 | 10.9 | 0.014 |
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Schambow, R.A.; Hussain, S.; Antognoli, M.C.; Kreindel, S.; Reyes, R.; Perez, A.M. Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121414
Schambow RA, Hussain S, Antognoli MC, Kreindel S, Reyes R, Perez AM. Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens. 2023; 12(12):1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121414
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchambow, Rachel A., Syed Hussain, Maria C. Antognoli, Silvia Kreindel, Raysa Reyes, and Andres M. Perez. 2023. "Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic" Pathogens 12, no. 12: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121414