Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Angiostrongylus vasorum
2.2. Vector-Borne Pathogens
2.3. Simultaneous Exposure
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SNAP 4DX | IFAT | ELISA Av | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | An n/tot (%) | Eh n/tot (%) | Bb n/tot (%) | Di n/tot (%) | Li n/tot (%) | Rc n/tot (%) | Bc n/tot (%) | Mixed VBP a n/tot (%) | Total VBP b n/tot (%) | Ag n/tot (%) | Ab n/tot (%) | Total Av d n/tot (%) | Mixed VBP + Av c n/tot (%) |
A | 8/67 (11.9) | - - | 4/67 (6) | 2/6 (3) | 1/6 (1.6) | 41/67 (61.2) | - - | 10/67 (14.9) | 45/67 (67.2) | - - | 5/67 (7.5) | 5/67 (7.5) | 4/67 (6) |
B | 9/82 (11) | - - | - - | 1/82 (1.2) | 3/82 (3.7) | 39/82 (47.6) | 18/82 (22) | 18/82 (22) | 48/82 (58.5) | - - | 8/82 (9.8) | 8/82 (9.8) | 8/82 (9.8) |
C | 5/145 (3.4) | - - | - - | 2/145 (1.4) | 14/145 (9.7) | 54/145 (37.2) | 7/145 (4.8) | 12/145 (8.3) | 69/145 (47.6) | 6/145 (4.1) | 9/145 (6.2) | 14/145 (9.7) | 9/145 (6.2) |
Total | 22/294 (7.5) | 1/294 (0.3) | 4/294 (1.4) | 5/294 (1.7) | 18/294 (6.1) | 136/294 (46.3) | 25/294 (8.5) | 40/294 (13.6) | 162/294 (55.1) | 6/294 (2) | 22/294 (7.5) | 27/294 (9.2) | 21/294 (7.1) |
Simultaneous Exposure | n (%) |
---|---|
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Rickettsia conorii | 9 (3.0) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Leishmania infantum | 1 (0.3) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Anaplasma spp. + Rickettsia conorii | 3 (1.0) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Rickettsia conorii + Babesia canis | 2 (0.7) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Anaplasma spp. + Borrelia burgdorferi | 1 (0.3) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Leishmania infantum + Rickettsia conorii + Babesia canis | 1 (0.3) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ag + Babesia canis | 2 (0.7) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ag + Rickettsia conorii | 1 (0.3) |
Angiostrongylus vasorum Ab + Ag + Babesia canis | 1 (0.3) |
Country | Angiostrongylus vasorum | Leishmania infantum | Dirofilaria immitis | Ehrlichia spp. | Anaplasma spp. | Borrelia burgdorferi | Rickettsia conorii | Babesia canis | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baermann | Ag | Ab | |||||||||
Bulgaria | 0–0.6 | 0 | 0 | 10.5–16.2 | 1.34–21 | 13.4–46.1 | 0.7–2.4 | 16.2 | [70,71,72] | ||
Czech Republic | 0.4 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 * | 6.5–10.3 | [73,74,75] | |||||
Denmark | 1.1–3.5 | [76] | |||||||||
Finland | CR | 0.3 | 5.3 | 2.9 | [77,78] | ||||||
France | 1.8 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 1.1 | [79,80] | ||||
Germany | 0.4–7.4 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 5–23.5 | 1–1.4 | 0.1–15.1 | 1.5–43.2 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 0.1–11.5 | [51,81,82,83,84,85,86,87] |
Greece | 1.1 | 1.6–2.0 | 1.4–3.0 | 6.5–25.2 | 1.5–12.5 | 1–6.2 | 0–0.1 | 11 *–46.5 | 0.5 | [18,88,89,90,91,92] | |
Hungary | 3.1 | 4.09 | 0–2.6 * | 1.3 *–2.6 | 0.2 | 1.3 *–15.4 | 0.4 | 11.5–50 * | [93,94,95] | ||
Ireland | 0.5 | [96] | |||||||||
Italy | 0.4–12.6 | 0.8–0.9 | 2.3–3.8 | 2.5–54.1 | 8.9 | 0.4–46 | 0.5 *–38 | 0.3–1.7 | 40.5–72 | 10.3–70 | [39,40,41,47,63,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106] |
Poland | 1.3 | 1.79 | 0 *–1.5 | 8–12.3 | 3.8–11 | [107,108,109] | |||||
Portugal | 2.0 | 0–2.6 | 1.9–5 | 18.2–60.4 * | 9.4 | 0.5 *–38.5 | [6,37,38,110,111,112,113,114] | ||||
Serbia | CR | 10.6 | 0–0.9 | 0–28.8 | 0 *–1.8 | 2.7 *–52.3 | [115,116,117] | ||||
Slovakia | CR | 3.1 | 4.4 | 11.7 | 2.8 | [50,118,119,120] | |||||
Spain | 0.8 | 5.3–30 | 0–6.25 | 0.9–16.7 | 1.3–19 | 0–6.3 | 42–56.4 | [121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131] |
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Morelli, S.; Gori, F.; Colombo, M.; Traversa, D.; Sarrocco, G.; Simonato, G.; Nespeca, C.; Di Cesare, A.; Frangipane di Regalbono, A.; Veronesi, F.; et al. Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091200
Morelli S, Gori F, Colombo M, Traversa D, Sarrocco G, Simonato G, Nespeca C, Di Cesare A, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Veronesi F, et al. Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy. Pathogens. 2021; 10(9):1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091200
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorelli, Simone, Francesca Gori, Mariasole Colombo, Donato Traversa, Giulia Sarrocco, Giulia Simonato, Chiara Nespeca, Angela Di Cesare, Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono, Fabrizia Veronesi, and et al. 2021. "Simultaneous Exposure to Angiostrongylus vasorum and Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs from Italy" Pathogens 10, no. 9: 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091200