No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of the Cases and Controls
2.2. Identification of Sequences from Known Viruses
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Procedures
- Does the person have major difficulties expressing themselves?
- Does the person get lost in the village?
- Does the person understand questions?
4.2. Testing for Onchocerciasis
4.3. Metagenomic Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Characteristics | Cases (n = 16) | Controls (n = 9) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR) | 14.5 (11.7–19.7) | 16.0 (10.5–24.5) | 0.820 |
Male n (%) | 7 (43.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0.778 |
Body weight (kg) mean (S.D.) | 39.0 (14.0) | 40.7 (14.9) * | 1.000 |
Height (cm), mean (S.D.) | 145.0 (19.0) | 150.5 (16.0) * | 0.673 |
Body mass index, mean (S.D.) | 17.7 (3.5) | 17.3 (2.7) * | 0.923 |
Age of epilepsy onset, median (IQR) | 10.0 (9.0–13.0) | NA | NA |
Only generalized tonic–clonic seizures n (%) | 10 (62.3) | NA | NA |
Generalized tonic–clonic seizures and absences n (%) | 5 (31.2) | NA | NA |
Only absences n (%) | 1 (6.2) | NA | NA |
Mental disorder n (%) | 8 (50) | NA | NA |
Stunting n (%) | 3 (18.7) | NA | NA |
Onchocerciasis skin lesion (“leopard skin legions” both legs) n (%) | 3 (18.75) | NA | NA |
Itching n (%) | 10 (62.5) | 1 (11.1) * | 0.061 |
Onchocerciasis nodules | 2 (12.5) | ||
Skin snip O. volvulus PCR positive n (%) | 14 (77.8) | 1/5 (20) | 0.009 |
O. volvulus IgG4, n (%) | 10/15 (66.6) | NA | NA |
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Roach, M.; Cantu, A.; Vieri, M.K.; Cotten, M.; Kellam, P.; Phan, M.; Hoek, L.v.d.; Mandro, M.; Tepage, F.; Mambandu, G.; et al. No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study. Pathogens 2021, 10, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070787
Roach M, Cantu A, Vieri MK, Cotten M, Kellam P, Phan M, Hoek Lvd, Mandro M, Tepage F, Mambandu G, et al. No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study. Pathogens. 2021; 10(7):787. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070787
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoach, Michael, Adrian Cantu, Melissa Krizia Vieri, Matthew Cotten, Paul Kellam, My Phan, Lia van der Hoek, Michel Mandro, Floribert Tepage, Germain Mambandu, and et al. 2021. "No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study" Pathogens 10, no. 7: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070787